混凝土重力坝双滑面抗力方向角的取值研究

在《混凝土重力坝设计规范》(SL319-2005)中标准双滑面的稳定性程度推荐采用等K法进行计算,但对于抗力方向角的选取并没有统一的标准,研究表明,该方法中抗力角的选取对计算结果比较敏感。为了得到合理的抗力方向角,采用Sarma法、有限元法及刚体极限平衡法中的无条分法对抗力角的选取进行了深入的探讨,并给出了抗力方向角的选取建议。最后通过具体混凝土重力坝工程实例,依据抗力角的选取建议对其沿缓倾角软弱结构面的抗滑稳定问题进行分析,并给出了其最危险滑移面。     

隧道水平冻结施工引起地表冻胀的历时预测模型

隧道水平冻结施工过程中,土体冻结引起体积膨胀,进而会在地表产生冻胀现象。实际工程一般采用多根冻结管形成冻结壁。冻结壁交圈前,地表冻胀由多个冻土柱的叠加膨胀变形引起;冻结壁交圈后,地表冻胀则由整个冻结壁的膨胀变形引起。鉴于此,考虑冻结壁的形成过程,基于随机介质理论,建立了隧道水平冻结施工引起地表冻胀位移的历时预测模型。同时对冻结外锋面半径和冻胀区域外半径这2个关键参数的取值方法进行了相关探讨。最后针对两个工程案例,采用该计算模型对地表冻胀位移进行分析,得到地表冻胀位移随时间的变化规律,并与现场实测结果相比较,验证了模型的可靠性。该模型应用于隧道水平冻结施工前、冻结期内任意时刻的地表冻胀位移预测,可为工程冻结实施方案的合理确定提供有效依据。     

基于自平衡试桩法大直径嵌岩桩尺寸效应分析

基于自平衡测试技术,通过现场的原位测试方法,对大直径嵌岩桩的尺寸效应进行了研究,内容包括桩径尺寸和嵌岩深度变化以及桩端阻力尺寸效应的影响分析等。从测试结果来看,嵌岩桩也存在一定程度的尺寸效应现象。当其他条件一定时,随着桩径的增大,桩侧阻力存在着减小现象;在同一种岩层的情况下,随着嵌岩深度的增大,桩侧阻力发挥也并不相同,嵌岩深度越大,桩侧阻力发挥也越小。实测结果表明,桩周岩石的特性变化对桩侧阻力影响最大,岩石抗压强度越高,桩侧阻力也越大。此外,桩径的变化对桩端阻力的影响更为明显。因此,在大直径嵌岩桩的设计中应注意尺寸效应对桩基承载力的影响。     

青藏高原发现大型冻胀丘群

在青藏高原黄河源地区多格茸盆地内发现大型冻胀丘群,这些冻胀丘外观多呈穹窿状,有些呈脊状、新月状.盆地内的冻胀丘隆起高度多在3~6 m,最高不超过10 m,水平扩展范围数十米到上百米,最大超过300 m.冻胀丘在盆地内密集分布,众多小型湖塘嵌于其中,分布密度估计5~8个·km^-2,局部区域内可达10个·km^-2以上.从外观看,多数冻胀丘形态较完整,但有的已经部分塌陷,有的几乎完全塌陷,不同塌陷阶段的冻胀丘在盆地内均有发现.冻胀丘顶部钻孔岩芯揭示高含冰地层从丘顶以下5 m左右一直延续到20多米,局部发育厚层地下纯冰层,厚度可达2 m以上.根据外观形态、地下冰类型判断,这些多年生的冻胀丘属冰土丘(lithalsa),和常见的冰核丘(pingo)有所区别.初步判断,这些冻胀丘形成于全新世大暖期以后的新冰期时期.多格茸盆地冻胀丘群的发现对现行的工程建设及工程建筑物的运营安全、区域古环境、流域水文等方面的研究都具有重要意义.     

双排抗滑桩上滑坡推力近似解析方法

双排抗滑桩是加固大型滑坡的常用工程措施之一,在实际工程设计计算中的关键环节在于简单且合理地确定作用于前后排桩上的滑坡推力。将抗滑桩受荷段前侧坡体视为水平向的温克勒（Winkler）地基,基于弹性地基梁模型,并充分考虑桩体受荷段与锚固段的变形连续性,通过迭代算法确定出后排抗滑桩受荷段前侧坡体抗力,进而可对排间坡体采用传递系数法计算出前排桩桩后滑坡推力,给出了相关的理论计算公式。通过室内模型试验验证了所提方法的合理性,并针对一大型基覆式滑坡实例,具体计算出了前后排桩上的设计滑坡推力荷载。所提计算方法可为实际工程的简化设计提供参考。     

饱和正冻土水分迁移及冻胀模型研究

正冻土在温度梯度大的情况下,冻结锋面快速移动,孔隙水变成冰,造成原位体积膨胀;而通常在天然条件下,温度梯度都不大,水从未冻区向冻结区迁移,在某一个位置引起冰的累积,形成分凝冰。由于此诱发的冻胀要比原位冻胀大很多,因此,建立一个能够模拟土体水分迁移及分凝冰形成过程的冻胀模型尤其重要。基于第2冻胀理论,建立了饱和土体冻胀模型。在模型中,假设冻结缘中单位时间内水分迁移速度为常数,以计算冻结缘内水压力,再根据克拉方程得到冰压力。根据冰压力的大小作为分凝冰形成判据,研究中假设新的分凝冰形成以后,上一层分凝冰停止生长。模型把水分迁移和冻胀速率当作基本的未知量,模拟了与可天然土体冻胀类似的底部无压补水和顶部加压的冻胀情况。通过数值模拟与试验结果进行对比,初步验证模型的可靠性,其研究结果为实际寒区工程的冻胀预测提供参考。     

Utilization of sodium waterglass from sugar cane bagasse ash as a new alternative hardener for producing metakaolin-based geopolymer cement

Sugar cane bagasse ash from SOSUCAM company in Cameroon was used to synthesize sodium waterglass as a new alternative hardener. The new hardener was used to prepare metakaolin-based geopolymer cements. The compressive strength of the resulting geopolymer cement cured at room temperature for 28 days was 32.9 MPa. Samples soaked for 28 days in water in parallel experiments revealed a strength of 31.4 MPa. This shows that exposure of water does not lead to any weakening. The value of water absorption was 7.1% in the water-soaked cements, indicating the presence of fewer pores and voids than in the dry cements. However, in SEM micrographs, the microstructure of geopolymer cement appears rather homogeneous and compact without any change by water soaking. It can thus be concluded that sodium waterglass from sugar cane bagasse ash can be used as an alternative hardener or reactive ingredient for producing geopolymer cement with a high degree of cross-linking geopolymer framework. The use of this low-value silica-rich waste for producing sodium waterglass results in environmental benefits including a significant reduction of CO₂ emission and energy consumption compared to the production of commercial sodium waterglass.     

Calibration of resistance factor for design of pile foundations considering feasibility robustness

The resistance factor for pile foundations in load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is traditionally calibrated considering target reliability index (β_T) and statistics of load and resistance bias factors. However, the resistance bias factor is hard to quantify statistically. Consequently, the design obtained using the calibrated resistance factor can still miss β_T if the variation in resistance bias factor has been underestimated. In this paper, we propose a new resistance factor calibration approach to address this dilemma by considering “feasibility robustness” of design in the calibration process. Herein, the feasibility robustness is defined as a probability that the β_T requirement can still be satisfied even in the presence of uncertainty or variation in the computed bearing capacity. For illustration, LRFD approach for pile foundations commonly used in Shanghai, China is examined. Emphasis is placed on re-calibration of resistance factors at various feasibility robustness levels, with due consideration of the variation in the resistance bias factor. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of the re-calibrated resistance factors. The results show that the feasibility robustness is gained at the expense of cost efficiency; in other words, the two objectives are conflicting. To aid in the design decision-making, an optimal feasibility robustness level and corresponding resistance factors are suggested in the absence of a designer’s preference.     

Numerical investigation on the impact resistance of road barriers of Micropile-MSE Wall for subgrade

The Micropile-MSE Wall, specially designed for mountain roadways, is used to simultaneously increase the MSE wall’s local stability, global stability and impact resistance of road barriers. Model tests were conducted first to validate the viability of the Micropile-MSE Wall. The impact resistance of the road barrier is then studied numerically. The test results indicate that the surcharge-induced earth pressure, base pressure and lateral displacement of Micropile-MSE Wall panels are effectively reduced. The impact loading on the barriers of the Micropile-MSE Wall is actually supported by the whole retaining structure, which increases the impact resistance of the road barrier significantly.     

On behavior of load transfer for drilled shafts embedded in weak rocks

This study deals with the formulation of an analytical solution for load transfer in drilled shaft and its application. The emphasis is on quantifying the mobilization of side resistances, which are closely related to shear behaviors of the concrete-rock interface. In this modelling, the side resistance is idealized by using elasticity-brittleness-plasticity, and a simple slip-line field is built to identify the critical shear displacement. The closed-form solution of load transfer is obtained by using the proposed shear model. Comparison between predictions and field observations is also made to validate performance of the proposed method.