液氮冻结条件下岩石孔隙结构损伤试验研究

液氮温度极低,约在-195.56^-180.44℃之间,当与岩石接触时会对岩石孔隙结构产生损伤。根据这一特点,低温液氮有望作为压裂流体对储层进行压裂改造。为了研究液氮冻结对岩石孔隙结构损伤的影响,选取两种不同砂岩岩样,分别在不同初始含水饱和度条件下进行液氮冻结处理。对冻结前、后的岩样进行孔隙度以及核磁共振测试,得到岩样在冻结前、后的孔隙度、横向弛豫时间T2分布以及T2谱面积变化情况。试验结果表明:液氮冻结会对岩石的孔隙结构产生损伤,损伤程度受到岩性、孔隙度和岩石含水饱和度等因素影响;岩石含水饱和度越大,损伤就越严重,当岩石含水饱和度达到100%时,岩石表面产生了明显裂纹;岩石在液氮冻结下损伤形式主要是微孔隙的发育和扩展,微孔隙的增加会使岩石孔隙结构的连通性增强,甚至会产生新的大尺寸孔隙,从而对孔隙结构造成严重损伤。     

高水压下岩体裂纹扩展的渗流-断裂耦合机制与数值实现

采用渗流力学、断裂力学理论结合Monte Carlo方法描述岩体裂纹的随机分布,研究高水压作用下岩体原生裂纹的变形和翼形裂纹的萌生、扩展、贯通的渗流-断裂耦合作用机制,建立高水压作用下岩体裂纹的渗流-断裂耦合数学模型,给出该数学模型的求解策略与方法,在Fortran95平台下开发高水压下岩体裂纹扩展的渗流-断裂耦合分析程序HWFSC.for。高水压下岩体裂纹扩展的渗流-断裂耦合体现在岩体裂纹网络和渗流初始条件都随渗流时步变化。对高压注水岩体裂纹扩展过程进行渗流-断裂耦合分析。结果表明,高压注水条件下,岩体裂纹扩展存在起动水压力,当水压力大于起动水压力时,裂纹尖端开始萌生翼形裂纹,随着裂纹水压力的增加,翼形裂纹扩展,进而与其他裂纹搭接贯通,停止扩展。渗流-断裂耦合分析考虑了裂纹动、静水压力对裂纹产生的法向扩张效应及翼形裂纹的扩展而形成新的渗流通道两方面的影响,连通裂纹数随渗流的发展而增加。岩体裂纹的渗流-断裂耦合分析,能较真实地再现岩体裂纹的水力劈裂现象,描述岩体裂纹的扩展、贯通过程及与之相耦合的渗流响应。     

条件平差和间接平差模型应满足的两个等式关系

条件平差和间接平差法是两种最基本的测量数据处理的方法,在整个工科数据处理中得到了广泛应用.但是,实践中,一些工程人员对这两种平差方法的区别与联系并不十分了解.本文基于最小二乘准则解的本质,推导出了条件平差法与间接平差法系数阵和常数项间应满足的两个等式关系,有助于广大工程人员理解这两种测量平差的本质与联系.     

Numerical modeling of fluid‐driven fractures in cohesive poroelastoplastic continuum

In this article, we investigate the main parameters that influence the propagation of a fluid‐driven fracture in a poroelastoplastic continuum. These parameters include the cohesive zone, the stress anisotropy, and the pore pressure field. The fracture is driven in a permeable porous domain that corresponds to weak formation by pumping of an incompressible viscous fluid at the fracture inlet under plane strain conditions. Rock deformation is modeled with the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion with associative flow rule. Fluid flow in the fracture is modeled by the lubrication theory. The movement of the pore fluid in the surrounding medium is assumed to obey the Darcy law and is of the same nature as the fracturing fluid. The cohesive zone approach is used as the fracture propagation criterion. The problem is modeled numerically with the finite element method to obtain the solution for the fracture length, the fracture opening, and the propagation pressure as a function of the time and distance from the pumping inlet. It is demonstrated that the plastic yielding that is associated with the rock dilation in an elastoplastic saturated porous continuum is significantly affected by the cohesive zone characteristics, the stress anisotropy, and the pore pressure field. These influences result in larger fracture profiles and propagation pressures due to the larger plastic zones that are developing during the fracture propagation. Furthermore, it is also found that the diffusion process that is a major mechanism in hydraulic fracture operations influences further the obtained results on the fracture dimensions, plastic yielding, and fluid pressures. These findings may explain partially the discrepancies in net pressures between field measurements and conventional model predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of a deformable fracture in permeable material

The response of deformable fractures to changes in fluid pressure controls phenomena ranging from the flow of fluids near wells to the propagation of hydraulic fractures. We developed an analysis designed to simulate fluid flows in the vicinity of asperity‐supported fractures at rest, or fully open fractures that might be propagating. Transitions between at‐rest and propagating fractures can also be simulated. This is accomplished by defining contact aperture as the aperture when asperities on a closing fracture first make contact. Locations on a fracture where the aperture is less than the contact aperture are loaded by both fluid pressure and effective stress, whereas locations where the aperture exceeds the contact aperture are loaded only by fluid pressure. Fluid pressure and effective stress on the fracture are determined as functions of time by solving equations of continuity in the fracture and matrix, and by matching the global displacements of the fracture walls to the local deformation of asperities. The resulting analysis is implemented in a numerical code that can simulate well tests or hydraulic fracturing operations. Aperture changes during hydraulic well tests can be measured in the field, and the results predicted using this analysis are similar to field observations. The hydraulic fracturing process can be simulated from the inflation of a pre‐existing crack, to the propagation of a fracture, and the closure of the fracture to rest on asperities or proppant. Two‐dimensional, multi‐phase fluid flow in the matrix is included to provide details that are obscured by simplifications of the leakoff process (Carter‐type assumptions) used in many hydraulic fracture models. Execution times are relatively short, so it is practical to implement this code with parameter estimation algorithms to facilitate interpretation of field data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self‐similar solution of a plane‐strain fracture driven by a power‐law fluid

This paper analyses the problem of a hydraulically driven fracture, propagating in an impermeable, linear elastic medium. The fracture is driven by injection of an incompressible, viscous fluid with power‐law rheology and behaviour index n?0. The opening of the fracture and the internal fluid pressure are related through the elastic singular integral equation, and the flow of fluid inside the crack is modelled using the lubrication theory. Under the additional assumptions of negligible toughness and no lag between the fluid front and the crack tip, the problem is reduced to self‐similar form. A solution that describes the crack length evolution, the fracture opening, the net fluid pressure and the fluid flow rate inside the crack is presented. This self‐similar solution is obtained by expanding the fracture opening in a series of Gegenbauer polynomials, with the series coefficients calculated using a numerical minimization procedure. The influence of the fluid index n in the crack propagation is also analysed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on Variation of Fitting Goodness of Relation Between Earthquake Frequency and Magnitude before Moderately Strong Earthquakes (Ms≥5.0)

In this paper,characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of linear fitting goodness before some moderately strong earthquakes(Ms≥5.0)in the eastern part of China(east of longitude 180)are studied according to the famous Gutenberg-Richter's relation expressed as lgN=a-bM,by using the moderate and small events that occurred in and around the source area.The results show that the linear goodness of fitting varies abnormally prior to these moderately strong earthquakes.In the early stage of the earthquake preparatory process,distribution of the energy released through small events in and around the source area is isostatic and the fitting goodness approximates 1,while the distribution of the energy turns to be isostatic before moderately strong earthquakes,leading to the obvious decrease of the linear goodness of fitting.This phenomenon could be a medium term anomaly and a medium term criterion for moderately strong earthquake prediction.     

土地利用分类及其影响因素研究

土地利用分类是研究土地利用的最基础工作，它直接影响着土地利用的科研与实践，本文在全面研究土地利用分类理论与方法的基础上，比较且说明了当前国内外土地利用分类的优劣。并提出多层统一标准的系统分类设想。     

Numerical Modeling of Natural Fracture Distributions in Shale

The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation.