温度和应力耦合作用下砂岩破坏的细观试验研究

针对矿产资源深部开采以及核废料处置等重大工程实际需求,对温度-应力耦合作用下岩石变形、强度的理论和试验进行研究具有十分重要的意义。通过试验研究了不同温度影响下砂岩的变形破坏特性,发现对于小尺度下的砂岩试件,当温度从室温升到150 ℃,抗拉强度有所升高;而温度由150 ℃升高到300 ℃,抗拉强度又有所下降,这是以往研究中没有观察到的现象,详细分析了其原因。并通过比较宏观断口位置图和名义应力-应变曲线,认为温度对砂岩的局部变形破坏机制有明显的影响。随着温度升高,断裂机制呈现脆性机制向延性机制转变的趋势。     

饱和土中劈裂灌浆压力研究

在塑性力学和大变形理论的基础上,分析土体在劈裂灌浆初始阶段的力学机理。将劈裂灌浆的初始阶段视为无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,并将圆孔周围土体中的应力分布分为两个区域。在弹性区中土体服从小变形假设,在塑性区中服从大变形假设。利用水力压裂理论和圆孔扩张理论,假设孔隙水压力大于或等于初始应力与扩张应力增量之和时,土体将出现拉应力,若拉应力超过土的抗拉强度,土体将产生开裂,此时的灌浆压力就为初始劈裂灌浆压力。当土体在灌浆压力作用下,大小主应力正好换位时,则出现劈裂时的灌浆压力就为二次劈裂灌浆压力值,推导出饱和土体劈裂灌浆压力的理论公式。该理论的计算结果与工程实测结果比较接近,初步证实了该理论的可靠性。     

Experimental seismic investigation of Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam model on shaking table

Owing to the devastating M7.6 earthquake of 20 June 1990 that occurred in the northern province of Iran, Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam located near the epicenter was severely shaken. The crack penetrated throughout the dam thickness near slope discontinuity, causing severe leakage, but with no general failure. In this study, nonlinear seismic response of the highest monolith with empty reservoir is investigated experimentally through model testing. A geometric‐scaled model of 1:30 was tested on a shaking table with high‐frequency capability to study dynamic cracking of the model and serve as data for nonlinear computer model calibration. Three construction joints are set up in the model to simulate effects of construction aspects. The experimental results are then compared with smeared crack and damage mechanics finite‐element simulations using nonlinear concrete constitutive models based on fracture mechanics. The crack patterns obtained from numerical models are in good agreement with those obtained from shaking table tests for the case of including construction joint effects and rigid foundation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Classification of self-potential anomalies on volcanoes and possible interpretations for their subsurface structure

Self-potential (SP) surveys were conducted on 10 island-arc-type volcanoes in Japan. Large-scale SP anomalies that covered entire volcanic edifices and had simple shapes were observed. Neglecting the local fluctuations, we named the SP anomaly that shows voltage gradients anywhere on the flank a long spatial wavelength (LSW) SP anomaly. We first classified these anomalies into three types: 1) no anomaly (SP profile is flat): 2) “W”-shaped profile: and 3) “V”-shaped profile. In some volcanoes, one flank with a flat SP profile and another with half of the W-shaped SP profile coexist. Next, we compared LSW-SP anomalies with various factors that may be related to SP generation and found that the SP profile is approximately flat on the flank where geothermal manifestations exist. This relationship, which is new aspect of the SP data on volcanoes, is important because it can impose a constraint on the model for SP generation and the subsurface structure. Based on the discussion that SP is generated by an electrokinetic mechanism, we propose that resistivity, zeta potential, and hydraulic radius are the possible parameters that control the existence of LSW-SP anomalies. The new relationship between SP and geothermal manifestation are understood in terms of the presence of hydrothermal system. Although the structure of volcanic edifice is probably spatially complicated, the insight into the SP data presented in this study implies that the flanks with flat SP profiles are relatively weak and have high potential for sector collapse.     

峰值破裂岩石的气体渗透性试验研究

为了测试采矿工程中峰值破裂岩体的气体渗透特性,设计了与气体渗透系统相配套的气体渗透仪。对淮南顾桥矿采集的标高?653～?771 m的煤系岩石制成的标准岩样,先利用MTS815系统加压至峰值强度,而后测试其气体渗透性能。理论分析了一维非Darcy渗流过程及该情况下的渗透率求解方法。试验结果表明,即使位于深部,岩石破裂后的渗透率也比完整时大103～106个数量级,同时,破裂砂岩的渗透率要比同标高的破裂泥岩高。     

激波作用下水泥试样内部损伤试验方法研究

通过优化试验方案,实现了爆炸激波对水泥试样内部的损伤破坏试验,观察到激波对试样的损伤破坏现象。根据试验需求,设计、制作和标定了可用于测量水泥试样内部激波压力（或速度）的传感器,并在水中与商业传感器一起进行了测试,发现两种传感器获得的波形一致,并且该传感器的尺度可以满足试验的需要。利用量纲分析的方法,得到了激波在水泥试样中的衰减规律模型,通过比较相同条件下实测压力与模型计算的压力,发现计算压力要比实测压力高5 %～15 %。     

闭合裂纹断裂的有效剪应力准则

将闭合裂纹表面的有效剪应力引入裂尖应力强度因子的计算,获得了无限大板和有限宽板含中心闭合裂纹在不同裂纹长度、倾角以及摩擦系数下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值。引入等径向剪应力线 这一概念,建立了闭合裂纹断裂的有效剪应力准则：（1）岩板内闭合裂纹将沿着等 线上双剪应力的和最小的方向扩展;（2）裂纹尖端的应力强度因子KⅡ达到材料的临界值KⅡC,裂纹将开始扩展。该准则成功预测了闭合裂纹的临界起裂角 ,与各种经典复合型断裂准则计算Ⅱ型裂纹起裂角比较,结果较为接近。将其应用于闭合裂纹的断裂判定是安全的。     

煤层气储层的显微孔裂隙成因分类及其应用

采用煤岩学方法研究煤储层特性,可直接观察孔裂隙的分布、形态、数量、充填状态等特征,有利于查明显微孔裂隙成因、影响因素及演化规律。将显微孔隙分为生物成因孔和非生物成因孔;显微裂隙划分出内生裂隙、继承性裂隙、层面裂隙和构造裂隙;分别研究了各类显微孔裂隙在煤储层中的分布、随煤化作用的演化规律及其与渗透率的关系,并取得了良好的效果。      

渭南市区地震裂缝与岩土工程对策

1556年华县大地震,在渭南市区产生了大量的地震裂缝,研究与工程实践表明,这些裂缝遗迹目前已处于稳定状态。随着地下水位的普遍下降和上覆土层的加厚,在基本烈度为Ⅷ时,市区内一般将不会产生砂土液化等震害现象。拟建场地出现此类裂缝,只需采取相应的岩土工程措施,便可做为适宜建造场地。应将地震裂缝与由构造引起的地裂缝及由湿陷性土遇水引起的湿陷裂缝区别对待。     

三轴压缩条件下三峡坝基岩石破裂的分形特征

根据分形理论,系统地研究了在三轴压缩条件下三峡坝基岩石破裂系和破损物的分形结构。结果表明,在三轴压缩条件下,岩石脆性破裂的破裂系和岩石破损物的粒度分布均有很好的统计自相似性。在不同的围压和应变率下,岩石脆性破裂的分维值各不相同,体现了岩石脆性断裂机制的差异性。分维可作为描述岩石脆性断裂的定量参数