Utility of high-resolution climate model simulations for water resources prediction over the Korean Peninsula: a sensitivity study / Utilité de simulations de modèle climatique à haute résolution pour la prévision des ressources en eau dans la Péninsule Coréenne: étude de sensibilité

Abstract

Abstract The utility of simulations of Global Climate Models (GCMs) for regional water resources prediction and management on the Korean Peninsula was assessed by a probabilistic measure. Global Climate Model simulations of an indicator variable (e.g. surface precipitation or temperature) were used for discriminating high vs low regional observations of a target variable (e.g. watershed precipitation or reservoir inflow). The formulation uses the significance probability of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for detecting differences between two distributions. High resolution Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project-II (AMIP-II) type GCM simulations performed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and AMIP-I type GCM simulations performed by the Korean Meteorological Research Institute (METRI) were used to obtain information for the indicator variables. Observed mean areal precipitation and temperature, and watershed-outlet discharge values for seven major river basins in Korea were used as the target variables. The results suggest that the use of the climate model nodal output from both climate models in the vicinity of the target basin with monthly resolution will be beneficial for water resources planning and management analysis that depends on watershed mean areal precipitation and temperature, and outlet discharge.     

雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究（一）

在双轴压缩条件下对挤压型和拉张型雁列式断层变形破坏过程中声发射、断层位移及应变场的时空演化进行了实验研究。研究表明，两类雁列式断层具有类似的变形破坏过程，即前期以雁列区的破裂贯通为主，后期以沿断层的滑动为主。但挤压型雁列区内可积累较高的应变能，有较强的应变释放和声发射活动，雁列区对滑动始终起着阻碍作用；而拉张型雁列区内难以产生快速的应变释放和较强的声发射活动，雁列区对后期的滑动也无明显的阻碍作用。两类雁列区贯通所引起的失稳均有明显的前兆，而在随后滑动过程中失稳前兆的出现，取决于断层不同部位或段落之间是否有应变传递     

雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究（二）

在双轴压缩条件下对由挤压型和拉张型雁列式断层组合而成的复杂雁列断层系变形过程中声发射、断层位移及应变的时空演化进行了实验研究，结果表明，复杂雁列式断层系的变形过程及相应的物理场演化并非是两种雁列式断层的简单叠加，而是包含着它们之间的相互作用。能量较强的声发射事件成核部位主要集中在应力水平较低的张性雁列区附近的主于断层上，而不是应力水平较高的压性雁列区，但这种事件发生的时间则明显受控于压性雁列区的变形过程     

中国川西地区鲜水河断裂和则木河断裂几何学、运动学特征及地震活动性对比研究

鲜水河断裂与则木河断裂在几何学特征、运动学特征和地震活动性方面既有明显的相似之处，又有着重要的差别。由于这两条断裂带都位于川滇菱形块体的北东边界，同属川西巨型左旋走滑断裂带的组成部分，因此在断裂的几何格局、活动方式和地震活动等方面有许多相似之处。然而，在菱形块体自北西向南东方向运动的过程中，由于其东部受到四川地块的阻挡使得块体边界的位移呈现由北西向南东递减的趋势，进而造成了两条断裂带在地震活动性方面的差异。根据详细的野外调查和已有成果，我们认为，断层的活动方式、滑动速率以及变形和变位的调整方式等运动学特征决定了两条断裂带在地震活动性方面的特征，而这些又与断裂带的几何学特征及与周围断裂的组合方式密切相关。通过对两条断裂带的对比研究，可以使我们对每条断裂有更好的理解和深入的认识。     

Le jeu fini-Crétacé du front nord-pyrénéen aux environs de Cucugnan (Corbières méridionales,Aude, France)

The North-Pyrenean Front overthrust in northern direction was particularly active during the Upper Cretaceous, before the Upper Eocene tectonic renewal. Indeed, in the Eastern Pyrenees (Aude), ‘Garumnian’ (continental Upper Cretaceous–Palaeocene) formations lie transgressively upon the North-Pyrenean Triassic (Keuper) formation and upon the Albian beds of the Sub-Pyrenean Cucugnan slice. Relations between the North-Pyrenean Frontal Thrust and, to the northeast, the Corbières Nappe are discussed. To cite this article: A. Charrière, M. Durand-Delga, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Morphological Investigations in the River Odra

Since 1992, the Federal Institute of Hydrology (Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde – BfG) performs morphological investigations in the river Odra downstream from the confluence of the river Neiße (Nysa Luzycka). The results of these investigations give a clear insight into the morphodynamic behaviour of this part of the river and indicate that on average 380 000 t of suspended solids and 130 000 t of bed load are transported by the river Odra at Hohensaaten per year, with a distinct seasonal variability in the case of suspended solids. Detailed studies on type and composition of the bed substrates have revealed that the river bottom is composed of very fine material: at Ratzdorf already 75 % of the bed material is finer than 2 mm, at Widuchowa almost all of the river bed material consists of sand finer than 0.63 mm. Because of the high sensitivity of the river bottom to discharge increases and the corresponding increases of bottom shear stress sand was found to be the dominating fraction of the suspended load in case of extreme flood events.     

Beyond the spectacle of property windfalls in Singapore: Lefebvrian spaces of home against profit-making

In Singapore, owners of private housing estates reaping windfalls through collective sales have been subject to the news media's sensational coverage of the topic. While collective sales will give rise to new developments that regenerate the country's landscape to reflect the image and identity of an entrepreneurial city, efforts to resist this wealth generating urbanism are subject to erasure. Instances of minority owners disinterested in profit-making using the courts to save their homes from the collective sale juggernaut are certainly emblematic of the inherent tension between one's home as housing and home as investment repository. Drawing upon ethnographical experiences from a housing estate built for public officials in Singapore, this article's use of the Lefebvrian theory of spatial production sheds light on how minority owners unmotivated by monetary windfalls (re)produce spaces of their homes that are overtly inimical to the impulses of majority owners to monetize their homes at high premiums.     

Analysis of karst hydrodynamics through comparison of dissolved and suspended solids' transport

In karst systems, rain events often result in a decrease of the conductivity (a tracer of dissolved phase transport) and an increase in turbidity (a tracer of suspended solids transport) at wells and springs. This study shows that the comparison of suspended solids and solute transport by the coupled approach of $T\text{–}C$ curves (Turbidity–Conductivity) and autocorrelations gives evidence of the transport processes in the karst network and allows understanding the karst hydrodynamics. To cite this article: D. Valdes et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Knowing into oblivion: Clearing wastelands and imagining emptiness in Vietnamese New Urban Zones

Lands cleared for Vietnamese New Urban Zones are commonly described as ‘wastelands’ (??t hoang) in need of development. But clearing these lands in Vietnam's densely populated urban areas requires evicting large numbers of urban residents. How is it possible to render populated spaces as empty wastelands? This paper juxtaposes new ethnographic research in Ho Chi Minh City against historical scholarship on Vietnamese concepts of ‘clearing the wasteland’ and colonial civilizing projects of mise en valeur. In doing so, the article describes these concepts as parallel legitimizing strategies that effectively enable developers and planners to render previously occupied and utilized lands as empty, uninhabited wastelands. The article shows that the same narrative structure used in these earlier contexts is used to justify current urban development projects.     

Platinum‐Group Element Results for Two Cobalt‐Rich Seamount Crust Ultra‐Fine Reference Materials: MCPt‐1and MCPt‐2

Two Co‐rich seamount crust reference materials, MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2, were prepared using ultra‐fine particle size milling technique and characterised for the platinum‐group elements (PGEs). The raw material for these two reference materials was collected separately from the Magellan seamounts of the western Pacific Ocean and the seamounts of the central Pacific Ocean by Russian and Chinese scientists. First, they were ground by ball mill to a ?200 mesh powder, then further processed by ultra‐fine jet mill and well‐mixed. The particle size distributions of the samples were tested by a laser particle analyser; the average particle size was 1.8 and 1.5 μm (equal to about 2000 mesh) respectively. The homogeneity of six major and minor elements in these two materials was tested at the milligram level of sampling mass by high‐precision wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and at the microgram level of sampling mass by electron probe microanalyser. The homogeneity of more than forty trace elements, including Pt, was tested at the microgram level of sampling mass by LA‐ICP‐MS. Except for Rh, all PGEs were determined by isotope dilution‐ICP‐MS. Platinum in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 was characterised as certified values, whereas the other five PGEs in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 were reported as reference values. In addition, the information values of sixty‐two major, minor and trace elements were obtained by XRF, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. The minimum sampling mass for the determination of PGEs was 1 g, while the minimum sampling mass for the determination of the other elements was 2–5 mg.