Borehole drainage and its implications for the investigation of glacier hydrology: experiences from Haut Glacier d'Arolla,Switzerland

Studies of glacier hydrology rely increasingly on measurements made in boreholes as a basis for reconstructing the character and behaviour of subglacial drainage systems. In temperate glaciers, in which boreholes remain open to the atmosphere following drilling, the interpretation of such data may be complicated by supraglacial or englacial water flows to and from boreholes. We report on a suite of techniques used to identify borehole water sources and to reconstruct patterns of water circulation within boreholes at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Results are used to define a number of borehole ‘drainage’ types. Examples of each drainage type are presented, along with the manner in which they influence interpretations of borehole water‐levels, borehole water‐quality data, and borehole dye traces. The analysis indicates that a full understanding of possible borehole drainage modes is required for the correct interpretation of many borehole observations, and that those observations provide an accurate indication of subglacial conditions only under relatively restricted circumstances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of seasonal and local weather conditions on rock surface changes on the shore platform at Kaikoura Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand

A traversing micro-erosion meter (TMEM) was used to measure micro-scale surface changes in a 45 cm² area of an intertidal mudstone shore platform on Kaikoura Peninsula, New Zealand, with hourly readings taken over 5 days for two seasons, within 4 h either side of low tide. For all monitoring events, the relative height of a total of 120 co-ordinates were obtained, resulting in 4200 and 4800 measurements for the summer and winter seasons respectively. Within seasons, samples were grouped according to the presence of rain or no rain. Significant changes were found in the micro-topography with variations in temperature and among rain and no rain sample groups. For both seasons, in the absence of rain, there were positive linear relationships between rock surface temperatures and rock surface elevations, and regression analysis explained 42.3% and 46.5% of this variation for the summer (y = 0.098 + 0.004x; p-value = 0.007) and winter (y = 0.007 + 0.012x; p-value < 0.001) seasons respectively. It is suggested that incorporating weather readings alongside measurements of surface change could not only improve extrapolations of shore platform erosion from short-term studies, but also differentiate fluctuations in rock surfaces due to changes in rock surface temperatures from other processes involved in shore platform erosion.     

Displacement fields and finite strains in a sandbox model simulating a fold-thrust-belt

A sandbox model consisting of two adjacent mechanically different decollements (frictional and viscous) loosely simulated the southeastern part of the Zagros fold-thrust-belt. Digital images of the model surface are used to coordinate passive markers on the surface and quantify displacement fields and estimate 2-D finite strains. These analyses show that, mapped in a fixed coordinate system, the deformation front propagates at different rates above the two decollements. Strain analysis of the model surface at different stages of deformation also shows that cumulative strain is more heterogeneous above the viscous decollement where strain domains are separated by fault zones. Maps of displacement fields, finite strain ellipses and dilatation also differ in character above the two decollements. Displacements above a viscous decollement decrease gradually towards the foreland, whereas they decrease sharply in front of the frontal thrust above the frictional decollement. Our analyses also show that the estimated finite strain depends not only on the density of the marker points chosen for the analysis, but also their initial distribution relative to the structures. This comparison shows that marker density limits measuring the actual strains in a heterogeneously deforming fold-thrust-belt and marker density and distribution have a strong impact on the strain analysed in nature. The similarity of our model with nature is examined with recent GPS study in the Zagros fold-thrust-belt (SW Iran) and shows, similar to the model results, that a weak salt decollement causes divergent movement in the sedimentary cover in SE Zagros.     

单层褶皱变形过程中最大主应力与水平应变的变化及其影响因素

对地质构造进行定量半定量研究是地质工作者近几十年来一直努力的方向,构造数值模拟是有效的定量研究方法之一。褶皱是一种典型的构造类型,对褶皱构造进行定量半定量研究也一直是构造地质学家们所致力解决的研究课题。本文结合近年来单层褶皱构造数值模拟研究进展,以及笔者近几年来对单层褶皱所进行的数值模拟实验研究,主要论述了单层褶皱变形的影响因素,单层褶皱变形过程中的最大主应力与水平应变的变化及其影响因素等。数值模拟技术为褶皱变形提供了一种新的研究方法,该方法在构造地质领域将有很好的发展前景。     

Effect of cyclic loading on monotonic shear strength of fine-grained soils

In this study the effect of cyclic loads on monotonic shear strength has been studied on torsional apparatus. Tests have been conducted on both reconstituted and undisturbed fine-grained hollow soil specimens. The plasticity index of soils is in the range from 2 to 33 for reconstituted specimens, prepared by dry pluviation, and from 5 to 13 for undisturbed soil specimens. The existence of a critical shear strain level, called yield shear strain, where softening starts, is determined from cyclic tests. The level of cyclic yield strain is ± 0.75% for the reconstituted soil specimens and ± 0.5% for the undisturbed soils. If soil undergoes a cyclic shear strain level below the cyclic yield strain, reduction of monotonic strength of reconstituted and undisturbed specimens is limited, but when cyclic shear strain level is larger than yield strain monotonic strength decreases down to 40% of its initial strength.     

非局部本构的一种改造形式及内尺度分析

在Lagrange运动学描述的基础上,提出了一个普遍意义上的非局部效应本构关系的改造形式,它对每一个经过验证的本构都适用。这样处理既可以利用本构模型的研究成果,又计入了应变梯度对应力的贡献。以截面为单位尺寸正方形、无限长、小变形描述为例,讨论了理想弹塑性柱体内的P波行进特征,分析了梯度项、黏滞阻尼和滞变阻尼等效的材料内部尺寸效应。     

跨孔电磁波层析处理中阻尼系数的确定与应用

代数重建技术ART(Algebra Reconstruction Technology)是一种层析处理数学方法,具有计算速度快、图形简洁直观等优点,被应用于电磁波CT方法的数据处理中。但该处理方法易发散,结果难以控制,因此它的敛散性成为提高其应用的主要问题。这里通过在ART算法中加入阻尼系数的做法保证了迭代的收敛,并对阻尼系数的取值范围进行了探讨,成功地用于电磁波数据处理中。     

内蒙古查干诺尔地区HF-3号航空放射性异常铀矿化的基本特征

HF-3号航放异常位于内蒙古查干诺尔乡附近，其大地构造位置处于二连盆地苏尼特隆起与滕格尔坳陷的过渡地带。异常地段出露的地层为新近系的中新统汗诺坝组，经浅井工程的重新揭露，初步查明该异常浅部铀矿化具多层性、连续性、稳定性及原生和后生再富集等复式成因特征，基本上掌握了其矿化的控制因素及形成条件，深化了对该异常的认识与评价。