浅谈大地测量中的病态问题

在大地测量中,病态问题是广泛存在的.为了解决这一问题,国内外的许多专家学者都致力于病态问题的研究,提出了处理病态问题的方法,主要有岭估计、广义岭估计、主成分估计法、Tikhonov正则化方法、SVD奇异值分解法以及虚拟观测方法等.本文主要对这些方法的基本原理进行了简单的概括,并对病态问题的发展做了简要论述.     

空间前方交会法测定像控点的精度分析

介绍了空间前方交会法测量像控点的方法及其平差理论;以焦作市电视塔为例,利用所测像控点的3维坐标进行了数据平差计算和精度分析,得出空间前方交会法方案的可行性结论.     

晚中生代的中国东部高原：证据、问题和启示

中生代中国东部是否存在一个高原是一个有争议的问题,本文主要从岩石学角度对高原的问题作了一些探讨。文中根据埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩的时空分布厘定了高原的界线,指出存在一个高原而非山脉。高原存留时间大致从175～113 Ma（中侏罗世－早白垩世）,主要发育在165～125 Ma。高原的崛起是从北向南扩展的,并将高原的演化分为萌生期、初期、成熟期、萎缩期、垮塌期、残留期和余脉等7个阶段,探讨了不同阶段高原界线的变迁。文中还讨论了与中国东部高原有关的下地壳拆沉、燕山运动的本质、中生代构造大转折的含义以及与古太平洋板块的关系等学术界关注的重大问题,并指出了高原研究中目前存在的问题、争论的焦点和今后研究的方向。文中建议开展高原古地理学、古环境学、古生态学、古生物学和古气候学等方面的研究,把中国东部高原的研究和青藏高原的研究结合起来,开展对大陆构造理论的创新性研究,企望在新的领域创出新的成果。     

全站仪坐标联动功能在地籍测量中的应用

地籍测量中对某些可望而不可及的界址点的测量是经常遇到的问题。利用全站仪坐标联动功能,可方便地应用前方交会法,为这个问题提出了一种有效的解决方法。     

A Clustering‐Based Approach to the Capacitated Facility Location Problem1

This research develops a clustering‐based location‐allocation method to the Capacitated Facility Location Problem (CFLP), which provides an approximate optimal solution to determine the location and coverage of a set of facilities to serve the demands of a large number of locations. The allocation is constrained by facility capacities – different facilities may have different capacities and the overall capacity may be inadequate to satisfy the total demands. This research transforms this special location‐allocation problem into a clustering model. The proposed approach has two parts: (1) the allocation of demands to facilities considering capacity constraints while minimizing the cost; and (2) the iterative optimization of facility locations using an adapted K‐means clustering method. The quality of a location‐allocation solution is measured using an objective function, which is the demand‐weighted distance from demand locations to their assigned facilities. The clustering‐based method is evaluated against an adapted Genetic Algorithm (GA) alternative, which integrates the allocation component as described above but uses GA operations to search for ‘optimal’ facility locations. Experiments and evaluations are carried out with various data sets (including both synthetic and real data).     

我国乡村旅游发展的问题及对策初探

本文对乡村旅游的市场特点,发展趋势和存在的问题进行了分析,提出了解决问题的对策。指出乡村旅游和文化旅游紧密结合是乡村旅游可持续发展的基本要求。提出依托优美的乡村自然环境、挖掘浓郁的地方特色（包括乡土文化和民族文化）、展现真实的乡村生活,是发展乡村旅游的基本条件,也是发展乡村旅游、开发乡村旅游产品的基本要求。     

Extended Probability Perturbation Method for Calibrating Stochastic Reservoir Models

Calibrating a stochastic reservoir model on large, fine-grid to hydrodynamic data requires consistent methods to modify the petrophysical properties of the model. Several methods have been developed to address this problem. Recent methods include the Gradual Deformation Method (GDM) and the Probability Perturbation Method (PPM). The GDM has been applied to pixel-based models of continuous and categorical variables, as well as object-based models. Initially, the PPM has been applied to pixel-based models of categorical variables generated by sequential simulation. In addition, the PPM relies on an analytical formula (known as the tau-model) to approximate conditional probabilities. In this paper, an extension of the PPM to any type of probability distributions (discrete, continuous, or mixed) is presented. This extension is still constrained by the approximation using the tau-model. However, when applying the method to white noises, this approximation is no longer necessary. The result is an entirely new and rigorous method for perturbing any type of stochastic models, a modified PPM employed in similar manner to the GDM.     

A numerical investigation of the one-dimensional newtonian three-body problem II. Positive energies

Numerical orbit integrations have been conducted to characterize the types of trajectories in the one-dimensional Newtonian three-body problem with equal masses and positive energy. At positive energies the basic types of motions are binary + single particle and ionization, and when time goes from – to + all possible transitions between these states can take place. Properties of individual orbits have been summarized in the form of graphical maps in a two-dimensional grid of initial values. The basic motion types exist at all positive energies, but the binary + single particle configuration is obtained only in a narrow region of initial values if the total energy is large. At very large energies the equations of motion can be solved approximately, and this asymptotic result, exact in the limit of infinite energy, is presented.     

The principal-agent problem and climate change adaptation on public lands

Climate change presents clear risks to natural resources, which carry potential economic costs. The limited nature of physical, financial, human and natural resources means that governments, as managers of natural resources, must make careful decisions regarding trade-offs and the potential future value of investments in climate change adaptation. This paper presents cost-benefit analysis of scenarios to characterise economic benefits of adaptation from the perspective of a public institution (the provincial government) and private agents (forest licensees). The example provided is the context of assisted migration strategies for regenerating forests that are currently being implemented in British Columbia to reduce future impacts of climate change on forests. The analysis revealed positive net present value of public investment in assisted migration across all scenarios under a range of conditions; however, private sector agents face disincentives to adopt these strategies. Uncertainty about how the costs, benefits and risks associated with climate change impacts will be distributed among public institutions and private actors influences incentives to adapt to climate change (the “principal-agent problem”) and further complicates adaptation. Absent development of risk-sharing mechanisms or re-alignment of incentives, uptake of assisted migration strategies by private agents is likely to be limited, creating longer-term risks for public institutions. Analyzing incentives and disincentives facing principals and agents using a well-known tool (cost-benefit analysis) can help decision-makers to identify and address underlying barriers to climate change adaptation in the context of public lands management.