The hydrogeochemistry of the Kärkevagge Valley, Lapland, Sweden

The Kärkejokk (jokk = Lappish for brook) is rich in sulfate and calcium, both elements having been considered enigmatic. To resolve these problems we collected waters at 13 sites during 27 June to 1 September 1996. Nine sites were in the Kärkevagge, and the others in the drainage towards lake Torne Träsk. Rain waters were collected the same period. Conductivity, pH, and temperature were measured in the field, whereas salt load and the elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, Si, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba were determined in the laboratory.
Mixing models based on rain water and leaching products of the major bedrocks do not explain observed element patterns except in the lower parts of the jokk. However, oxidation of pyrite has formed acid, sulfate–rich solutions that released Ca and Mg from limestones, and Fe, Mn, Al, and Si, from black shales (Malmsten 1998; Malmsten et al. 2000). Conservative mixing models, using rain water, leached bedrock and pyrite, match the jokk waters quite well, and sulfur isotope data corroborate these findings. The nearby Låktajokk, and Vassijokk also contain much S.
Where these waters debouch they may deposit Si, Al, and Ca, but only little S on various rocks. Total rock analyses, thermodynamic and X–ray data suggest that gypsum, barite, or alunite are not formed in major quantities.
These models show that the hydrogeochemistry of the Kärkejokk may be less enigmatic than often assumed.     

向海湿地沉积剖面化学元素相对迁移特征分析

旨于探索沉积剖面元素迁移强度的描述方法,讨论向海沼泽湿地沉积物化学元素的迁移积聚等基本地球化学特征,以深化对沼泽湿地沉积化学行为的某些认识。冬季在向海两处沼泽采集了代表一定范围汇水区与人类活动影响的沉积芯。利用Tessier等(1979)提出的连续提取法对沉积物中多种常量与微量元素地球化学相进行分离。可迁移系数、潜在迁移系数、非迁移系数的计算结果表明,在向海沼泽沉积剖面中,化学元素相对迁移强度为:Ca、Sr、Mn、Pb潜在活性最大,Ti、Al、K、Rb潜在活性最小,以此为依据,Ti、Al、K、Rb等元素适宜作为示踪元素。为消除沉积物构成组织的影响,以Al为参考元素对重金属元素形态两种分量进行归一化后,重金属环境非迁移分量与相对迁移分量均表现出在表层的富集,尤其表现在上游霍林河煤矿开发后20余年这一时期,人类活动的介入加速了重金属元素通过河流搬运向下游湿地的输入。     

渤海湾表层沉积物磷形态分析

用JEN SEN等(1998)六步分离法对2003年11月和2004年5月渤海湾采集的沉积物样品进行P形态分析,结果表明:沉积物营养盐水平与地理环境有关。总的趋势是沉积物越细,粘土含量越高,营养盐水平就越高。渤海湾表层沉积物磷呈现从潮间带向渤海湾大面站增大的局势,污染近岸高,远岸低。渤海湾表层沉积物中的P主要以FAP和R ef磷为主,FAP占整个P形态的43%以上,R ef占24%以上,其次是L ea-P,此种形态的P平均约占5%左右,最后依次是F e-P、CFAP和L sor-P,这三种形态含量都小于10%以下。这表明渤海湾沉积物中的P的主要来源是陆源输入和污水排入。渤海湾表层沉积物中有一半以上的磷不能被生物利用。     

基于元胞自动机的城市发展密度模拟

元胞自动机CA越来越多地被用于模拟复杂的城市系统,但这些模拟基本不考虑城市的发展密度。不同的城市发展密度会对城市的形态有很大的影响,有必要将城市的发展密度引进CA的城市模拟中,以获得更好的模拟结果。本文将密度梯度函数引进了CA模型的转换规则中,并定义‘灰度’来反映状态的转换。利用该模型对不同可能的城市发展组合进行了模拟,为城市规划提供了辅助依据。     

内蒙古乌梁素海不同形态氮的时空分布

为揭示不同形态氮在乌梁索海空间分布特征及变化规律,运用ArcGIS统计模块分析了2006-2007年乌梁素海不同形态氮浓度的时空变异.研究表明:乌梁素海水体中各监测点总氮浓度夏、冬季高,秋季低,季节性差异较为明显;秋、冬季氨氮平均浓度明显高于夏季;不同季节亚硝态氮平均浓度明显高于硝态氮.在空间分布上,乌梁索海不同形态氮浓度分布呈现出由北向南逐渐降低的趋势.总之,乌梁索海氮素污染问题已十分严重,主要污染源为河套灌区农田排水、沿总干渠区域的工业废水和生活污水,随水体的流动氮污染减少,但某些区域因芦苇、水革密集而使不同形态氮有不同程度的增减.     

Adjustments in channel morphology due to land‐use changes and check dam installation in mountain torrents of Calabria (southern Italy)

In Mediterranean semi‐arid conditions, the availability of studies monitoring channel adjustments as a response to reforestation and check dams over representative observation periods, could help develop new management strategies. This investigation is an integrated approach assessing the adjustments of channel morphology in a typical torrent of southern Italy after land‐use changes and check dam construction across a period of about 60 years. A statistical analysis of historical rainfall records, an analysis of land‐use changes in the catchment area and a geomorphological mapping of channel adjustments were carried out and combined with field surveys of bed surface grain‐size over a 5‐km reach including 14 check dams. The analysis of the historical rainfall records showed a slight decrease in the amount and erosivity of precipitation. Mapping of land‐use changes highlighted a general increase of vegetal coverage on the slopes adjacent to the monitored reaches. Together with the check dam network installation, this increase could have induced a reduction in water and sediment supply. The different erosional and depositional forms and adjustments showed a general narrowing between consecutive check dams together with local modifications detected upstream (bed aggradation and cross‐section expansion together with low‐flow realignments) and downstream (local incision) of the installed check dams. Changes in the torrent bends were also detected as a response to erosional and depositional processes with different intensities. The study highlighted: the efficiency of check dams against the disrupting power of intense floods by stabilizing the active channel and the influence of reforestation in increasing hillslope protection from erosion and disconnectivity of water and sediment flows towards the active channel. Only slight management interventions (for instance, the conversion of the existing check dams into open structures) are suggested, in order to mobilize the residual sediment avoiding further generalized incision of the active channel and coast line erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑藻对沉积物及土壤中不同形态磷的利用与转化

利用同一区域湖泊和河流沉积物及土壤培养黑藻,运用化学连续提取法对底质中磷的不同形态进行分离,同时分析黑藻生物量及底质中上覆水和间隙水中磷浓度的变化,并对底质中生物可利用磷进行了估算,揭示沉水植物对底质中不同形态磷的利用与转化规律。结果表明,底质中弱吸附态磷、可还原性磷（RSP）是黑藻利用的主要磷形态;土壤与沉积物相比不利于黑藻生长,营养水平高的河流沉积物有利于黑藻初期生长,但容易使其早衰;沉积物作底质上覆水和间隙水磷浓度主要受底质中RSP含量的控制;土壤作底质上覆水和间隙水磷浓度主要受弱吸附态磷控制;黑藻能促进底质中磷向可利用态转化;黑藻对土壤中生物可利用磷的利用率比沉积物低。     

疏浚对巢湖重污染入湖河流沉积物中污染物赋存及释放的影响

以巢湖重污染入湖河流双桥河为研究对象,研究了底泥疏浚对水质以及沉积物中总氮、总磷和有机质的短期影响及长期效应.结果表明,双桥河水质的季节变化显著,受上游城市污水及周边面源污染的影响,疏浚对水质改善作用不明显.表层沉积物中总氮、总磷及有机质含量在疏浚结束后1个月有所降低,但是2年后分别回复到疏浚前的189.77%、111.62%和152.87%.疏浚结束2年后,沉积物中磷主要以钙磷和有机磷的形式存在,铝磷和铁磷的含量较少,弱结合态磷的含量最低;但是表层沉积物中的弱结合态磷、铝磷和铁磷结合态磷含量较疏浚前分别升高了728.32%、13.52%和37.73%,并呈现出表层富集现象,存在较高的污染物释放风险.这可能是由沉积环境改变、外源污染未得到有效控制引起的.因此,为了维持疏浚的长期效果,应该对外源污染源进行有效控制.     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬-元城地区构造裂缝特征与形成期次的划分

通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬-元城地区野外地质露头与井下裂缝特征,结合构造应力场背景分析,获得以下认识：1)该区构造裂缝以斜交于最大主应力的单条裂缝为主,尤其以SWW-NEE或近EW向裂缝和NNE-SSW或近S-N向裂缝较为发育,并发育少量对应的NW-SE和NE-SW向共轭裂缝。2）根据露头区裂缝系统的切割关系,NE向和近S-N向延伸的裂缝为后期发育, NW向和NEE向延伸的裂缝为早期发育;3)燕山期北西-南东向压应力场背景下,早白垩世末构造抬升造成的主应力差是早期共轭裂缝形成的主要原因;喜山期区域北东-南西应力挤压是后一期延伸裂缝的主要原因。     

Antioxidant systems of aquatic macrophytes in three life forms:a case study in Lake Erhai,China

Antioxidant systems are vital in life activities of macrophytes. Species with diff erent life forms need to cope with distinct environments by modifying physiological characters, especially antioxidant systems. In order to find diff erences among life forms and consequence of lake eutrophication, we studied three antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate oxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT)) and total soluble phenolics (TP) content in leaves of 26 macrophyte species in September 2013 in Lake Erhai, China. We found that antioxidation varied accordingly with life forms. The activities of SOD and APX in emergent macrophytes (EM) and floating-leaved macrophytes (FM) were much lower than those of submerged macrophytes (SM). On the contrary, TP content was much higher in EM and FM species. There was a negative correlation between TP and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and APX). The results suggested that EM and FM species rely on phenolics might to adapt to adverse environments (higher herbivores predation pressure and UV radiation intensity), while SM species more rely on antioxidant enzymes possibly due to lower demand for antioxidation and/or lack of light and inorganic C availability for phenolics synthesis. We also found FM species represent highest fitness in term of antioxidant system, which would lead to overgrowth of FM species and littoral zone bogginess during lake eutrophication. Finally, it is necessary to carry out the verification experiment under the control condition in the later stage, especially for the dominant ones in eutrophic lakes, to understand the exact adaptive mechanisms of them.