Community characteristics of wild fruit forests along elevation gradients and the relationships between the wild fruit forests and environments in the Keguqin Mountain region of Iii

In this paper,the quantitative relationship between the wild fruit communities and direct environmental factors is discussed on the basis of detailed data on landscape scale habitats obtained through field vegetation investigation.The results from TWINSPAN and DCCA showed that:1) In the distribution sections of the wild fruit forest in the Keguqin Mountain region,the basic patterns characteristic of the different habitats are due to topographic factors,nutrients and moisture conditions;2) The elevation affected the most basic differentiation of plant communities in the study area,indicating that the elevation condition was the most important factor restricting the distribution of the wild fruit communities in the study area;3) The close relationship between the moisture content in the upper soil layer and the elevation reflected the influence of moisture conditions on both wild fruit and herb-layer communities;4) Nutrient differences not only indicated that the habitat conditions were different in themselves but also showed that the present nutrient conditions of the habitats were seriously affected by human activities.In summary,under complicated mountainous topographic conditions,the habitat conditions for the communities differed very significantly,and the combination of elevation,soil moisture content,total nitrogen,slope aspect,and pH value influenced and controlled the formation of community distribution patterns in the study area.     

高逼真度虚拟森林环境的半球成像方法模拟分析

半球成像方法可广泛应用于植被结构参数及冠层光合有效辐射测量等领域。高逼真度虚拟森林环境的半球成像方法模拟及验证可用于定量评估半球成像方法测量精度及地面验证研究。但高逼真度虚拟森林环境下半球成像方法模拟面临场景复杂度高、面片数巨大、模拟效率低等难题。首先,论文以高逼真度虚拟森林环境构建原理建立了不同林分密度、树木分布模式、场景大小及树木种类等特征的虚拟森林环境库;然后,在采用光线跟踪算法开展半球成像方法模拟时,对比分析了4种数据结构分割平面搜索方法,即空间中分法、对象中分法、启发式排序法和启发式BIN分区法,结果表明,启发式排序法性能最佳;最后,以高逼真度虚拟森林环境库,对比分析了传统方法、Kdtree、BVH、Octree 4种数据结构方案组织、管理单树几何模型及虚拟森林场景两级数据集效率,并选择场景节点遍历数、单树几何模型节点遍历数、单树几何模型遍历数、面片遍历数及平均计算时间等参数作为衡量数据结构组织方案性能的定量化指标,研究发现Kdtree数据结构方案较其他3种数据结构方案更为优越,因此,其可作为高逼真度虚拟森林环境库的半球成像方法模拟之首选。     

面向协同式森林灭火决策的领域本体构建及其解析

森林灭火决策的参与人员可能来自不同的组织、不同领域,他们有不同知识结构、专业背景、学识和各自的经验、偏好,这往往不利于决策过程中的交流、协同进行。本文把本体引入协同式森林灭火决策中,解决决策成员在协作中对他人所述的内容理解一致问题。分析了现有建立领域本体的主要方法,并借鉴软件开发的生命周期理论,提出建立面向森林火灾的领域本体的具体实现方法。以森林灭火决策为应用导向,通过对森林灭火决策的内容分析及与领域专家相互交流,根据领域中概念分类体系和概念的组合结构,从相关领域(林业、气象学、消防工程、地理学)抽象出概念术语集、关系集、函数集、规则集等,建立可共享、理解、重用、互操作的概念模型;利用本体建模工具,建立森林灭火本体库;设计与实现了本体的解析与可视化工具,用户可以交互式的查询术语的概念内涵,利用可视化工具,显示概念之间的关系。研究成果将为学科或领域间的高效协作打下通信与交流的基础,为林业、消防的信息化研究、林火本体服务提供可借鉴的框架和成果,为林火管理和应急指挥决策提供一个语义层级次上的重要途径。     

加拿大北方森林火烧迹地遥感分析

森林火灾是加拿大北方森林地区最主要的扰动因素,对北方生态系统起着主导作用。基于MODIS数据,采用全球扰动指数算法(MGDI),对加拿大萨斯喀彻温省和亚伯达省2004-2011年的森林火烧迹地进行检测和分析。通过与MODIS标准火烧迹地产品以及加拿大林业局数据进行比较,扰动指数算法检测的火烧迹地面积比MODIS标准产品更接近于林业局的统计数据。分析表明,在2004-2011年间,由于火灾原因,整个研究区森林面积平均每年减少76.36万hm2,占该区域森林总面积的3.36%。萨斯喀彻温省平均每年燃烧的森林面积为46.83万hm2,亚伯达省为29.53万hm2。其中,2006、2008、2010和2011年是火灾的高峰年份。火烧迹地主要集中在生态交错带的北方保护区、针叶林保护区、针叶林平原区,以及北方平原东北部的伍德布法罗国家森林保护区。     

Otolith Microstructure Analysis Reveals Different Growth Histories of Japanese Sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Oyashio Waters

After decades of low year classes,the stock of Japanese sardine(Sardinops melanostictus)has begun to recover since the mid-2000s.The hatch dates and otolith growth rates of age-0 juvenile sardine,which were collected in the subarctic Oyashio waters in autumn 2018,were determined from an otolith microstructure analysis.The sardines were hatched from late January to late April,while mostly in February and March.The otolith growth rate increased continuously up to 60 d after hatching and thereafter de-creased.The revealed growth rate in a crucial growth period is faster than that reported for juvenile sardines collected in the 1990s,which is coincided with the recent recovery trend of the sardine stock.Two groups with different hatch dates,growth histories,and migration routes were identified using unsupervised random forest clustering analysis.They were considered inshore and offshore migration individuals in accordance with recent researches.In the offshore group,a high proportion of sardine juveniles hatched late and grew faster in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transitional waters,a finding consistent with the hypothesis of growth-rate-dependent re-cruitment.This finding on the population composition and growth rate of juvenile sardine in the Oyashio waters can be a basis for an improved prediction of their survival and provides us with valuable information on the recruitment processes of this stock during the period of stock recovery.     

基于深度学习的钨钼找矿靶区预测方法研究

随着矿产勘查工作由浅部矿向深部隐伏矿、由易识别矿向难识别矿发展,找矿难度日益增大,地质专家越来越重视新理论、新方法、新技术的应用。深度学习作为人工智能的前沿领域/技术,对于实现矿产资源预测“智能化预测评价”具有得天独厚的优势。本文以陕西省镇安县西部钨钼矿集区单元素化探异常原始数据为基础,提出了基于深度学习的钨钼矿产评价方法。该方法以归一化地球化学数据作为模型训练数据,通过深度学习中深度自编码网络方法实现异常值提取进而识别重点成矿有利地段,实现矿产资源找矿远景区定性预测。研究结果表明,在对957条单元素化探异常原始数据分类且做好模型标签后,整个过程在计算机的“黑盒子”中自动完成学习和预测,相较于传统预测研究方法,本文方法具有自动化程度高和客观性强的特征。此外,本文利用已知矿点构建训练数据集,采用随机森林方法对预测区进行矿产资源找矿靶区预测圈定,为进一步缩小找矿靶区范围提供科学依据。     

不规则网土壤测量在水系沉积物异常查证中的应用

在大兴安岭森林沼泽景观区,植被茂盛、土壤表层腐殖质发育,且通视条件差,运用传统的规则网土壤测量方法进行1/5万水系沉积物异常查证,工作周期长、劳动强度大;采用不规则网土壤测量方法进行异常查证,取得了快速评价异常、追踪异常源,缩短找矿周期的效果。     

Logs and snags in a shola forest of Kerala, India

Introduction Dead wood is an important structural and functional component of a forest ecosystem(Fridman and Welheim 2000). Recent studies also indicate that dead wood is important for maintaining both plant and animal diversity in different forest ecosystems (Grove 2001) as it serve as an energy source (Bray and Gorham 1964) and habitat for an array of organisms. Dead wood can also help reduce erosion, increase soil organic matters (McFee and Stone 1966), and suitable conditions for seedli…     

Mushroom production as an alternative for rural development in a forested mountainous area

Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.     

顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的敏感性因素分析

运用弹塑性理论和有限元法,建立了顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的模拟分析模型。结合沪蓉国道主干线湖北宜昌至恩施高速公路的顺层岩质路堑高边坡工程,分析了结构面强度、岩层厚度、岩层倾角等各项因素对顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的影响,探讨了顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的规律。结果表明：软弱结构面的强度参数对顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性起主要控制作用,岩层倾角对顺层岩质路堑边坡的稳定性也有明显的影响。在该工程的地质条件下,当岩层倾角为38°左右时,顺层路堑边坡的稳定性最差。