有限灌溉对荒漠绿洲春玉米产量及产量性状的影响

对干旱环境下临泽荒漠绿洲春玉米进行了有限灌溉试验研究,旨在探究有限灌溉对绿洲玉米农田生产力的影响。结果表明,在所有处理中,全生育期灌水最少的处理MI1玉米籽粒产量比灌水量略高于它的处理MI2和灌水量较高的处理MI4增产25.7%和38.8%,但MI1与其他处理及对照间差异不显著。MI1处理全生育期灌水量最少,其产量不但未显著下降,反而高于灌水最多的对照CK。不同灌溉处理及对照间玉米穗粗、秃顶长、穗行数均不存在显著差异,但个别处理及对照间其他产量性状却存在差异,其中对照CK、处理MI5、MI1的穗长分别比处理MI4增加15.3%、13.6%和12.4%,对照CK和处理MI1、MI5的行粒数分别比MI4处理增加17.3%、13.9%和12.2%,对照CK的穗粒数分别比处理MI4、MI2和MI3增加19.3%、19.1%和14.5%,处理MI1的千粒重分别比MI4、MI5、CK增加26.9%、14.0%和14.0%。     

Total mercury in terrestrial systems (air-soil-plant-water) at the mining region of San Joaquín,Queretaro, Mexico

Deficient management of cinnabar mining left the San Joaquín region with high concentrations of mercury in its soils (2.4 – 4164 mg kg^-1). Numerous cinnabar mines have contributed to the dispersion of mercury into agricultural (0.5 –314 mg kg^-1) and forest (0.2 – 69 mg kg^-1) soils. Sediments are a natural means of transportation for mercury, causing its spreading, especially in areas near mine entrances (0.6 – 687 mg kg^-1). The nearness of maize crops to mines favors mercury accumulation in the different plant structures, such as roots, stems, leaves, and grain (0.04 – 8.2 mg kg^-1); these being related to mercury volatilization and accumulation in soils. Mercury vapor present in the settlements could indicate a constant volatilization from lands and soils (22 – 153 ng m^-3). The mercury levels found in the soils, in maize grain, and in the air resulted greater than the standards reported by the Official Mexican Norm (NOM) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Mercury in rainwater is due mainly to the presence of suspended atmospheric particles, later deposited on the surface (1.5 – 339 μg |^-1). Mercury dissolution was found in the drinking water (10 – 170 ng |^-1), with concentrations below those established by the NOM and the WHO. The contamination existing in the San Joaquín region does not reach the levels of the world’s greatest mercury producers: Almaden (Spain) and Idrija (Slovenia). It is, however, like that found in other important second degree world producers such as Guizhou (China). The population of San Joaquín, as well as its surrounding environment, are constantly exposed to mercury contamination, thus making a long term monitoring necessary to determine its effects, especially to people.     

低温环境下消化污泥和玉米秸秆强制通风堆肥过程中物理化学和生物学指标的研究

在低温环境下采用强制通风堆肥技术对消化污泥和玉米秸秆进行了堆肥化处理。在环境温度为9～15℃和初始C/N比为19.61情况下,第4天堆体温度达到最高温度60℃,堆体温度保持55℃以上时间为9d。污泥堆肥过程中总有机碳和C/N比下降明显,而NO3--N和重金属含量升高。pH值、电导率、NH4+-N、纤维素酶和脲酶的活性呈先增加后降低的趋势。种子发芽指数在第35天达到84.14%。研究结果表明,消化污泥和玉米秸秆强制通风堆肥在35d达到了腐熟要求。     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤有机质和全氮的时空变异特征

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,研究了松嫩平原玉米带1980～2005年间土壤有机质和全氮的时空变异特征.结果表明:去除异常值后,土壤有机质和全氮均符合对数正态分布,两个时期土壤有机质的平均含量分别为2.14%和2.54%,土壤全氮的平均含量均为0.12%.通过变异函数分析,两个时期土壤有机质和全氮均符合高斯模型,1...     

鲁西北平原夏玉米产量与土壤硝态氮淋失

供水量和氮肥施用量是影响农田硝态氮淋失的主要因素。本文通过田间小区试验,研究了水分和氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验表明,高水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在85%FC,FC为田间持水量032）和低水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在70%FC）间产量差异不显著,施肥量（0、100、200、和300kgNha^-1）则具有显著影响,并且在200kgNha^-1左右时达到最高产量;高水条件下土壤水分硝态氮下渗强,运移深度大,所有施肥处理在200cm处的土壤水硝态氮浓度都要高于国家饮用地下水标准10mgNL-1;低水条件下水分下渗弱,运移深度小于高水处理,但是在200cm处,200、300kgNha^-1处理的土壤溶液硝态氮浓度依然高于10mgNL^-1。     

云南南亚热带地区气候资源与水稻、冬播玉米的适应性

云南南亚热带地区光能资源丰富 ,不仅表现在太阳辐射量高于我国华南和华东地区 ,而且辐射强度大 ,是籼型杂交水稻、冬播玉米等作物的高产区。全年热量资源充足 ,≥ 1 0℃积温在 6 0 0 0～ 75 0 0℃·d之间。但温度年较差小 ,日较差大 ,冬暖夏凉 ,一年四季都能种植玉米 ,是云南南亚热带地区玉米气候生态的一大特点。夏季高温强度不够 ,日照时数偏少是限制杂交水稻提高结实率和产量的主要因子。全年降水适中 ,但分布不均 ,地域差异大 ,干季降水量仅占全年总降水量的 1 0 %～ 1 5 % ,冬春干旱严重制约着冬播玉米以及水稻拔节前的生长发育。发展农田水利和灌溉是云南南亚热带地区夺取水稻、冬播玉米高产、稳产最重要的措施。     

The influence of climate change on maize production in the semi-humid–semi-arid areas of Kenya

The effect of climate change on maize production in the semi-humid and semi-arid, agro-climatic zones III-IV of Kenya was evaluated using two General Circulation Models (GCMs): the Canadian Climate Center Model (CCCM) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), as well as the CERES-Maize model. Long-term climate data was obtained from three meteorological stations situated in eastern, central and western regions of Kenya, while maize data was obtained from six sites within the regions. The climate scenarios were projected to the year 2030. Temperature increases of 2·29 and 2·89°C are predicted by the CCCM and GFDL, respectively. Rainfall levels are predicted to remain unchanged, but there are thought to be shifts in distribution. It is predicted that the short-rains season (October–January) will experience some increased rainfall, while the long-rains season (April–July) will show a decrease. Maize yields are predicted to decrease in zone III areas, while an increase is predicted in zone IV areas. However, the predicted changes in yields are low since they all fall below 500 kg ha⁻¹, except the Homa Bay site. Thus, to counter the adverse effects of climate change on maize production, it may be necessary to use early maturing cultivars, practice early planting, and in eastern Kenya, shift to growing maize during the short-rains season.     

基于气候适宜度的夏玉米发育期模拟模型

结合前人气候适宜度的研究成果,以作物生理生态发育过程为基础,构建了夏玉米发育期预报模型。模型中分别建立了夏玉米温度、降水、日照时数适宜度函数,并结合河南省19个农业气象试验站的夏玉米发育期资料,运用通径分析法确定各个生育期温度、降水和日照的影响权重系数,计算出综合适宜度,用来预测夏玉米生育期。结果表明,模型能够较好地预测各个发育期(出苗、七叶、拔节、抽雄、乳熟和成熟)。建模资料的模拟值与观测值比较的均方根误差分别为1.5、3.1、3.4、2.9、4.0、4.5 d。运用独立资料对模型所作预测值的均方根误差在1.0~4.6 d之间。     

近30年东北春玉米发育期对气候变化的响应

基于1981—2010年东北地区55个农业气象观测站发育期数据、16个气象站逐日气象资料,采用趋势变率、秩相关分析、主成分分析和结构方程模型等方法,分析了近30年东北春玉米关键发育期的变化特征,探讨了春玉米发育期对不同时间尺度气象因子的响应规律。结果表明:1981—2010年春玉米关键发育期 (播种期、抽雄期、成熟期) 均有延后趋势,大部分地区春玉米生长前期 (播种期—抽雄期) 日数减少,生长后期 (抽雄期—成熟期) 日数增加,全生育期日数增加。在绝大多数年份,春玉米播种期在温度适播期之后,成熟期在初霜日之前。近30年对东北春玉米生育期日数影响最大的气象要素为温度,主成分分析结果显示,年际尺度的升温、温度生长期的延长和作物生长期的高温对生育期日数影响显著;结构方程模型指出,作物生长期的最高温度和最低温度对生育期日数影响有间接效应,主导气象要素能够解释生育期日数变异的44%。全球变暖背景下,东北春玉米发育期变化是作物响应气候变化和农业生产适应气候变化的共同结果。     

黑龙江省玉米低温冷害风险评估及预估

利用气候资料、地理信息数据及社会经济数据,根据自然灾害风险理论和低温冷害形成机制,采用GIS技术,分析了黑龙江省玉米低温冷害的危险性和易损性,实现了玉米低温冷害的风险评估与区划,并利用CMIP5中的MRI-CGCM3模式模拟结果对黑龙江省2015-2044年玉米低温冷害风险进行预估。结果表明：1961年以来共有24年是低温冷害年,其中12年是严重低温冷害年。松嫩平原大部、三江平原大部及黑河南部是玉米一般低温冷害的多发区,同时该区暴露性较高,如有重度灾害发生,则对全省粮食产量产生严重影响。未来30年,黑龙江省低温冷害发生的概率有所减少,松嫩平原东部和南部是一般低温冷害的高风险区,三江平原西部是严重低温冷害的高风险区。