东北地区玉米整地、播种和收获气象适宜度评价模型

天气、土壤条件影响玉米整地、播种和收获作业的质量及作业效率,进而影响到苗情、产量和生产成本,东北地区相关的农业气象要素是土壤湿度、土壤解冻深度、温度、日雨量和风力等.根据气象、土壤条件对玉米整地、播种和收获的影响,用模糊隶属函数建立了这些农事活动气象适宜度评价函数及其农业气象指标,用权重法分别建立了整地、播种和收获综合气象适宜度评价模型.检验结果表明,这些模式和指标符合实际,可以用于相关农事活动的气象适宜度评价业务.在气温和降水等气象要素预报的基础上,该模型还可以用于相关农事气象适宜度和适宜期的预报.     

Estimation of groundwater use by crop production simulated by DSSAT‐wheat and DSSAT‐maize models in the piedmont region of the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is in serious crisis in the piedmont region of the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain, owing to rapid groundwater drawdown. Estimating the water requirement for agriculture, the biggest user of groundwater, will be helpful in understanding groundwater decline. Through the use of DSSAT‐3·5 wheat and maize models, we assessed water use in winter wheat and maize, two staple crops in the region, in 1987–2001. Trends between groundwater change and simulated agricultural water use were compared. The results showed that groundwater decline was sensitive to simulated crop water requirement and irrigation requirement. According to regression analysis, 100 mm of water requirement by cultivated land (mainly wheat and maize) resulted in about 0·64 m of groundwater decline. This relationship might be useful in understanding the regional water balance and to help decision‐makers control groundwater decline through controlling crop water use or through long‐distance water transfer. The study demonstrated the usefulness of using the DSSAT model for estimating crop water use and the effectiveness of clarifying the reason for groundwater decline using the simulation results of water use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Value of Climate Forecasts for Adjusting Farming Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sustaining and increasing crop production and productivity has to be a major policy thrust for developing countries. Using a simulation approach different production strategies were evaluated conditioned on climate information to derive optimal strategies to help farmers reduce risk and increase productivity. By examining the existence of options in this case planting dates the study provides an analyses of the expected value and risks associated with changing decisions based on the availability of climate forecasts. The 15-March planting date produced the highest mean yield for the two cultivars examined although 1-April, 15-April and 1-May plantings had one to zero probability of crop failures compared to 15-March with crop failures in 4 out of 20 years. Results indicate losses of between 25 and 35 kg/day due to delays in planting from 15-March planting to 1-June planting for the 120- and 150-day cultivar. El niño years were associated with positive yield deviations for both cultivars and most planting dates. Farmers are known to make tactical adjustments to their management in light of information perceived relevant to the prospects of forthcoming crop. Although in its present form most current forecast products do not provide information on onset of the rainfall, however the information they do provide could play a crucial role in helping farmers reduce the risks posed by climatic variability.     

不同超富集、富集植物-玉米间作模式对玉米中镉吸收、转运的影响研究

为了研究Cd污染条件下,玉米分别与苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵间作对重金属Cd吸收和转运的特点,从而选择适宜与玉米间作的富集植物,同时达到修复重金属Cd污染土壤的目的。该文以镉(Cd)污染的河南棕壤黏土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,基于玉米各器官中Cd含量、富集系数、转运系数、土壤有效态Cd含量的变化,研究了间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵对玉米各器官Cd的积累特性的影响及其迁移转运机制。结果表明：(1)龙葵、苋菜、黑麦草间作使得玉米地上部Cd含量显著性降低(P<0.05),其中以籽粒中Cd含量的下降最为显著。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,玉米籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了67.6%、75.7%和79.9%。(2)间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵使得玉米的富集系数较单作处理下玉米的富集系数分别下降了49.3%、39.7%和68.5%,且差异达到显著水平。(3)与苋菜、黑麦草间作相比,间作龙葵的玉米转运系数分别下降了27.5%、24.2%,且差异均达到显著水平。通过对人体每天摄入Cd量的安全值计算得出间作后土壤中Cd全量应低于2.26 mg·kg-1,土壤有效态Cd含量低于0.88 mg·kg-1。该污染农田在间作模式下,食用玉米Cd暴露对居民健康不存在风险。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵能够抑制玉米对Cd的吸收,同时阻控玉米地上部Cd向地上部的转移,尤其是向籽粒转移。通过间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,不仅降低了主栽作物玉米的Cd累积量,实现玉米安全、优质种植,同时也达到了修复污染土壤的目的。     

Towards Regional Synergy: Reconciling Rangeland Ecological Functioning with Forage Production of Cultivated Pasture

Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration (CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems.     

Effect of Covering-soil Thickness on Crop Growth on Bare Rock nd Gravel Land in an Ecological Restoration Project

To study the mechanism by which the thickness of covering soil effects crop growth in an ecological restoration project of bare rock and gravel land, the physiological characteristics of summer maize were observed during 2010-2015. This experiment was set up on exposed rock land, which had been covered by soil with six different thicknesses: 30 (C30), 40 (C40), 50 (C50), 60 (C60), 80 (C80) and 100 cm (C100). During the experiment, soil physical properties and the physiological traits and yields of crops were recorded. The results indicated several effects. 1) With the same thickness level, soil bulk density of the covering soil increased in successive planting years. There was a logarithmic relationship between soil bulk density and covering thickness. There was also a strong algorithmic relationship between covering thickness and sedimentation coefficient (R²=0.91). 2) The thickness of covering soil had a significant influence on both the height of summer maize, and soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) values. In each treatment, the growth rates of the crops during the jointing and booting stages were higher than that in the booting to grain filling stage. After two years of land-use, the mean height of the crop in the C50 treatment was 8.16%, 3.32%, 3.31%, 9.86% and 7.55% higher than that for the C30, C40, C60, C80 and C100 treatments, respectively. The differences between treatments were significant (p < 0.05). SPAD values were highest at the heading stage. The highest value for the C50 treatment was 298.41 after two years of land-use. 3) Soil thickness significantly affected yields and the water use efficiency (WUE) of summer maize. The highest average crop yield and WUE value during the experimental period for the C50 treatment were 4614.12 kg hm^-2 and 13.57 kg hm^-2 mm, respectively. For the C50 treatment the multi-year average water use efficiency was significantly higher than that of the other treatments in 2010-2015. In conclusion, a soil thickness of 50 cm covering the bare exposed rock was adequate as a tillage layer for the crop, and all crop growth indexes in this treatment were better than for other soil thicknesses. The results provide a scientific basis for the land remediation and ecological restoration of bare rock and gravel land. At the same time, for Africa, where one-third of the land is desert, arable land resources are relatively scarce and agricultural ecology is fragile, can serve as a significant reference to improve the ecological environment, develop arable land resources and increase agricultural income.     

玉米作物极化SAR数据模拟

通过重点研究玉米叶子的空间位置、指向角分布,分析玉米作物的结构特点,建立玉米的三维结构模型和场景,发展针对玉米作物的极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic apertureradar,SAR)数据模拟方法。利用该模拟方法和实地获取的玉米参数模拟极化SAR数据,通过与散射计实地测量的多极化、多角度后向散射系数进行对比,表明该模拟方法能够有效的模拟玉米作物的后向散射系数;通过分析模拟极化SAR数据获得的HH-VV、HH-HV、VH-VV之间的相位差,表明该模拟方法能够有效的模拟玉米作物散射的相位信息;通过分析模拟数据的极化响应图和Cloude H-α分类图,从散射类型角度验证了模拟极化SAR数据的有效性。     

Reponses and sensitivities of maize phenology to climate change from 1981 to 2009 in Henan Province,China

With the global warming, crop phenological shifts in responses to climate change have become a hot research topic. Based on the long-term observed agro-meteorological phenological data (1981–2009) and meteorological data, we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial shifts in maize phenology and their sensitivities to key climate factors change using climate tendency rate and sensitivity analysis methods. Results indicated that the sowing date was significantly delayed and the delay tendency rate was 9.0 d·10a^-1. But the stages from emergence to maturity occurred earlier (0.1 d·10a^-1<θ<1.7 d·10a^-1, θ is the change slope of maize phenology). The length of vegetative period (VPL) (from emergence to tasseling) was shortened by 0.9 d·10a^-1, while the length of generative period (GPL) (from tasseling to maturity) was lengthened by 1.7 d·10a^-1. The growing season length (GSL) (from emergence to maturity) was lengthened by 0.4 d·10a^-1. Correlation analysis indicated that maize phenology was significantly correlated with average temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days (GDD) (p<0.01). Average temperature had significant negative correlation relationship, while precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days had significant positive correlations with maize phenology. Sensitivity analysis indicated that maize phenology showed different responses to variations in key climate factors, especially at different sites. The conclusions of this research could provide scientific supports for agricultural adaptation to climate change to address the global food security issue.     

安徽省夏玉米气候适宜性及时空格局特征

利用安徽省60个气象站1961-2010年的气象资料,结合已有研究成果,利用加权平均法构建了夏玉米气候适宜指数模型,并分析了气温、降水、日照及其适宜指数的变化趋势,重点分析表征各要素综合影响的气候适宜指数的时空变化特征。结果表明:夏玉米生长季内的温度适宜指数呈现微弱上升趋势,日照适宜指数显著下降,降水适宜指数呈现不显著的下降趋势。不同发育阶段,气温、降水及其适宜指数上升或下降的趋势不尽一致,日照及其适宜指数下降趋势显著,自然状况下降水是制约夏玉米生长的主要限制因素。夏玉米全生育期的气候适宜指数下降趋势显著。近50年来安徽省夏玉米气候适宜指数空间分布特征发生明显变化,北部尤其是西北部夏玉米气候适宜性下降明显。     

基于MODIS NDVI的西辽河流域主要粮食作物时空分布格局

研究以西辽河流域为案例区,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,选取2000、2005和2010年时间点,利用NDVI时间序列信息,结合西辽河流域不同作物物候历,运用决策树提取模型,获取西辽河流域春玉米、春小麦和大豆等主要作物的空间分布信息,定量揭示了10年间西辽河流域主要粮食作物的时空分布特征。研究表明：（1）2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积为11 965.08 km2,其中春玉米播种面积约占流域主要粮食作物的92.28%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区;春小麦播种面积占比3.14%,以西辽河流域中游面积最大;大豆播种面积占比4.58%,以西辽河上游流域面积最大。（2）2000-2005年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积大幅增加,涨幅达29.77%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。其中,春玉米播种面积增长38.99%,春小麦播种面积减少39.04%,大豆播种面积增长21.27%。（3）2005-2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积增长缓慢,涨幅为5.18%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。春玉米播种面积呈现增加趋势,春小麦呈现减少趋势,大豆呈减少趋势。