WOFOST模型蒸散过程改进对玉米干旱模拟影响

分别利用优化蒸散计算(PM方案)、作物系数(CC方案)和二者同时优化(PMCC方案)改进WOFOST模型,基于降水适宜年(2012年)和干旱年(2015年和2018年)在辽宁省锦州开展的玉米分期(4月20日、4月30日和5月10日)播种试验资料评价模型改进效果.结果表明:2012年,PM方案可增大潜在蒸散,CC方案在作...     

黑龙江省玉米干旱与低温冷害复合逆境对产量的影响

利用1981—2016年黑龙江省玉米农业气象观测站的资料,引入中华人民共和国气象行业标准中水分亏缺指数(KCWDI)、≥10℃积温距平(H)指标,分别对玉米出苗—乳熟期干旱、低温冷害进行判识,规定同一站、同一年内干旱、冷害均有发生为两种灾害复合发生,并分析其时空分布特征,以数理统计方法构建KCWDI和H与玉米产量的关系...     

春玉米穗分化期低温对产量构成因素的影响

为探讨低温冷害对东北地区春玉米的影响,确定障碍型冷害对春玉米生育的影响程度,2015年以郑单958玉米品种为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温（13℃,15℃,17℃）研究穗分化期（前期、中期、后期）春玉米产量构成因素和光合特性的影响。结果表明:春玉米在穗分化期受不同低温影响后,观测到的产量构成因素和光合特性的变化趋势相似;与对照相比,低温处理后,春玉米穗长和穗粒数显著减少、穗粒重显著降低,且温度越低,持续时间越长,影响越重;穗粗和百粒重变化不显著;穗分化前期低温对春玉米穗粒数影响最重,中期次之,后期较小;低温处理后春玉米叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率均显著降低;穗分化期春玉米遭受障碍型低温冷害造成穗粒数减少是减产的主要原因。研究结果可为春玉米障碍型低温冷害影响评估提供参考。     

冬小麦,夏玉米叶水势,蒸腾和液态水流阻力的田间试验研究

根据对冬小麦，夏玉米生长期间的叶水势，蒸散，棵间蒸发，土壤含水量等要素日变化过程的测定，计算了土壤－植物－大气系统水从土至叶片的液态水传输阻力和其日变化过程，结果表明，随着蒸腾强度的增加，液态水流阻力呈非线性的递减状太民。     

春玉米产量动态预报技术的改进方法探索

为及时、准确地进行玉米产量预报,为吉林省玉米产量预报业务提供参考依据,为政府调控提供科技支撑,利用吉林省19802016年春玉米产量和50个气象站逐日气温、降水量、日照时数等资料,基于相似距离和相关系数构建综合诊断指标筛选气温、降水量、日照时数等各类气象要素历史相似年,根据各类气象要素历史相似年与预报年的玉米产量丰歉气象影响指数之间的关系,建立吉林省春玉米产量动态预报模型。同时,对历史相似年的筛选方法进行改进,利用欧氏距离直接筛选综合气候历史相似年,根据气候历史相似年与预报年的玉米产量丰歉气象影响指数之间的关系,构建春玉米产量预报模型。对比改进前、后的产量预报模型的预报,结果表明:两种方法在吉林省玉米单产预报中,预报准确率均较高,普遍在85%以上。产量预报模型对20022013年的预报检验结果表明,改进方法后20022013年单产预报平均准确率提高了3.9个百分点,均方根误差降低了4个百分点,标准差降低了2。对20142016年的预报检验结果表明,改进方法的玉米产量预报结果优于传统方法的预报结果。改进方法比传统方法准确率更高,稳定性更强,应用价值更高。     

基于热量指数的东北春玉米冷害指标

构建春玉米冷害指标是冷害研究的基础,对我国春玉米安全生产和品种布局具有重要参考意义。以我国东北三省春玉米为研究对象,以具有明确生物学意义的热量指数为春玉米冷害指示因子,利用气象资料、春玉米生育期资料和冷害灾情资料,计算春玉米不同生育阶段平均热量指数,建立春玉米冷害样本序列,基于K-S分布拟合检验和95%置信区间上限阈值的方法,厘定春玉米冷害指标阈值,构建我国东北春玉米不同生育阶段冷害指标,并采用独立的春玉米冷害灾情样本验证指标的合理性。研究结果表明:东北三省春玉米冷害指标在生殖生长和营养生长与生殖生长并进期热量指数的阈值较高,营养生长期略低;指标验证结果与历史灾情记录完全吻合的比率为80.0%,完全吻合和相差1级的比率为100%,且各灾害程度验证得到的准确率均高于75%。     

基于SPEI指数的河北省南部夏玉米生长季干旱特征分析

利用河北省南部8个气象站点1962—2018年的逐月气温、降水量数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),通过小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了河北省南部夏玉米生长季(6—9月)干旱变化特征以期为干旱灾害的监测、预报预警及防御提供理论依据。结果表明:夏玉米苗期干旱发生频率为31.5%,1966年后苗期气候呈湿润化趋势,在1968和2009年附近可能发生了气候湿润化的突变,整个分析期(1962—2018年)干湿变化包含13～18a、5～8a周期振荡;夏玉米穗期干旱发生频率为40.3%,2006年后穗期气候呈持续干旱化趋势,在1980和1997年附近可能发生了气候干旱化的突变,整个分析期干湿变化包含15～22a、6～10a周期振荡;夏玉米花粒期干旱发生频率为29.8%,1989年后花粒期气候呈持续干旱化趋势,可能在1992和2002年附近发生了气候干旱化的突变;夏玉米生长季干旱发生频率约为30%,生长季气候总体呈干旱化趋势,特别是1997年后持续干旱化,可能在1996年附近发生了气候干旱化的突变。     

The changing dynamics of rill erosion on sloping farmland during the different growth stages of a maize crop

Rill erosion is a serious concern in the hilly region of China with purple soil, and maize is extensively cultivated in this region. Evaluations of the dynamic mechanisms of rill erosion in sloping farmland areas are particularly important during the maize growing season to determine whether rill erosion can occur. A new ridge tillage (RT) system was designed using local agricultural methods in China. Twelve artificial rainfall experiments were conducted in three 1 × 2 m experimental plots with a slope of 15°, which is a typical slope in the study area. The rainfall intensities were designated as 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm min^?1. The rainfall experiments were performed in the field to determine the characteristics of run‐off and sediment transport related to rill erosion processes during different stages of maize growth and to analyse how hydraulic parameters and the sediment yield of the rill erosion process are related. The results showed that rill flow patterns were mainly classified as subcritical transition flow during all the growth stages of maize. The effects of hydrodynamic parameters on the sediment yield were ordered as follows: Reynolds number > stream power > Froude number > shear stress. The total sediment yield varied by stage as follows: seedling stage > jointing stage > mature stage > tasseling stage. The sediment yield and run‐off rate exhibited a linear relationship that was well described at the hillslope scale. To initiate soil loss in sloping farmland areas with purple soil during the maize growing season, the critical hydrodynamic shear stress and stream power must be at least 46.505 Pa and 1.541 N m^?1 s^?1, respectively.     

Comment on “Overland runoff erosion dynamics on steep slopes with forages under field simulated rainfall and inflow by C. Li and C. Pan”

Managing sloping landscapes to control soil erosion processes due to rainfall and runoff is a relevant problem, especially when the vegetation is absent or sparse. The aim of this paper was to investigate the applicability of a theoretically resistance law for overland flow under simulated rainfall, based on a power-velocity profile, using field measurements carried out by Li and Pan for three plots with planted forage species (Astragalus adsurgens, Medicago sativa and Cosmos bipinnatus).The relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the flow Froude number and the rain Reynolds number was calibrated using the data by Li and Pan. The obtained overland flow resistance law was also verified by independent field measurements carried out by Li and Pan in the same plots with the same forage species subjected to three different treatments (intact grass control IG, no litter or leaves NLL (only the grass stems and roots were reserved) and only roots remaining OR). The theoretical approach and the measurements carried out in the investigated conditions allowed to state that a) the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor can be accurately estimated using the proposed theoretical approach, b) the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor varies with rainfall intensity and c) for the investigated forage species, the vegetation treatment (IG, NLL, OR) does not significantly affect the flow resistance in laminar regime.     

Geographic Influences on Maize Seed Exchange in the Bajío,Mexico

To document the diversity of geographic (physical and human) influences on seed exchange, an important component of traditional agricultural systems, household surveys were conducted in four villages in the Mexican Bajío. This research reviews and contributes to an understanding of the purpose, structure, and scale of seed exchange and threats to seed movement. Based on the household survey data, the main factors that distinguish seed exchange at the village level include whether or not the same seed was grown the previous year, what farmers look for in a seed source, and where they have acquired their original seed. When the household survey data are analyzed based on gender, rather than village, different results are obtained. We discuss the diversity of possible influences on the current seed systems in four Bajío communities surveyed and address the possible consequences for agrobiodiversity conservation.