The multi-band non-thermal emission from the supernova remnant RX J1713.7−3946

Non-thermal X-rays and very high energy (VHE) γ-rays have been detected from the supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7−3946, and the recent observations with the Suzaku satellite clearly reveal a spectral cut-off in the X-ray spectrum, which directly relates to the cut-off of the energy spectrum of the parent electrons. However, whether the origin of the VHE γ-rays from the SNR is hadronic or leptonic is still in debate. We studied the multi-band non-thermal emission from RX J1713.7−3946 based on a semi-analytical approach towards the non-linear shock acceleration process by including the contribution of the accelerated electrons to the non-thermal radiation. The results show that the multi-band observations on RX J1713.7−3946 can be well explained in the model with appropriate parameters, and the TeV γ-rays have hadronic origin, i.e. they are produced via proton–proton interactions as the relativistic protons accelerated by the shock collide with the ambient matter.     

华北、西南一些地区地震发生在地壳浅部的证据

依据区域小孔径数字地震台网对河北省唐山、张北、怀来,山西省大同和云南省剑川、禄劝、姚安等７次地震的定位或重定位结果,并结合相应区域个别大震用远场资料反演的震源深度结果,以及山西省临汾遥测地震台网重新测定的震源深度结果,与以往地震目录中给出的震源深度测定结果进行对比分析,发现小孔径台网的震源深度测定结果基本分布在地表至地下十几千米的范围内．而以往给出的测定结果中,震源深度大致分布在地表至地下30ｋｍ 的深度上,与其平均值相差一半至一倍,两者之间的差别非常显著．分析认为,小孔径数字地震台网的测定结果可能更接近震源深度分布的真实情况,即上述地区的地震应是发生在地壳浅层内．对造成上述情况的原因,进行了初步的讨论,并提出改善震源深度测定精度的建议和措施．     

2001年3月7日四川布拖4.6级地震分析

2001年3月7日在四川省凉山州布拖县境内发生Ms4.6级强有感地震，震中位于北北西走向的凉山断裂南段，邻近则木河断裂，分析认为，这是一次主震-余震型地震序列；进一步用西昌满腔遥测地震台网各子台的P波初动求得主震和最大余震的震源机制解，认为它们可能是北北西走向的凉山断裂活动的结果。     

A model of nonuniform fracture system for Langcang-Gengma earthquake sequence and elasto-plastic computation method

Based on the observation data, it is found that the Lancang-Gengma earthquake sequence is resulting from the propagation of a nonuniform fracture system in which the lengths and strikes of fractures are different from each other, the stress field and medium condition around fractures are also heterogeneous. Therefore, a mechanical model simulating suitably the fracture processes of the Lancang-Gengma earthquake sequence is suggested in this paper. The fracture criterions and computation method for elastic fracture and elasto-plastic fracture are studied. The stress intensity factor, strain energy release rate and J-integral are evaluated respectively. The forward and inverse method jointing a variety of observation data to determine the earthquake fracture processes is also developed in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 463–471, 1992. This project was sponsored by the Chinese Jonit Seismological Science Foundation.     

A physically based distributed subsurface–surface flow dynamics model for forested mountainous catchments

This study was designed to develop a physically based hydrological model to describe the hydrological processes within forested mountainous river basins. The model describes the relationships between hydrological fluxes and catchment characteristics that are influenced by topography and land cover. Hydrological processes representative of temperate basins in steep terrain that are incorporated in the model include intercepted rainfall, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration into macropores, partitioning between preferential flow and soil matrix flow, percolation, capillary rise, surface flow (saturation‐excess and return flow), subsurface flow (preferential subsurface flow and baseflow) and spatial water‐table dynamics. The soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer scheme used was the single‐layer Penman–Monteith model, although a two‐layer model was also provided. The catchment characteristics include topography (elevation, topographic indices), slope and contributing area, where a digital elevation model provided flow direction on the steepest gradient flow path. The hydrological fluxes and catchment characteristics are modelled based on the variable source‐area concept, which defines the dynamics of the watershed response. Flow generated on land for each sub‐basin is routed to the river channel by a kinematic wave model. In the river channel, the combined flows from sub‐basins are routed by the Muskingum–Cunge model to the river outlet; these comprise inputs to the river downstream. The model was applied to the Hikimi river basin in Japan. Spatial decadal values of the normalized difference vegetation index and leaf area index were used for the yearly simulations. Results were satisfactory, as indicated by model efficiency criteria, and analysis showed that the rainfall input is not representative of the orographic lifting induced rainfall in the mountainous Hikimi river basin. Also, a simple representation of the effects of preferential flow within the soil matrix flow has a slight significance for soil moisture status, but is insignificant for river flow estimations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Runoff and interrill erosion on sandy soils under cultivation in the western Paris basin: mechanisms and an attempt at measurement

Measurements made on different scales, such as rainfall simulations on 1 m² and 20 m² experimental plots and water sampling at the outlet of a watershed, enable the analysis of the mechanisms of pluvial erosion and therefore the importance of runoffs and soil losses in the hilly and sandy parts of the western Paris basin. Interrill erosion accounts for slow transfer of materials towards the lower part of plots and slopes. The overland flow caused by restructuring of the surface Tertiary and Cenomanian soils erodes some 150 to 200 kg ha^?1 during the month following sowing. Only a part of these deposits reach the river, which carries away less than 50 kg ha^?1 each month. Interrill erosion makes slopes still more uneven, fills in valley bottoms, and so paves the way to catastrophic erosion, which scoops out rises in the ground and colluvial deposits in the lower part of slopes and valley bottoms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建省南平台记录吉林7级地震震源深度分析

用南平台模拟地震记录和数字观测记录 1 999年 4月 8日吉林东部 7级地震的不同深震震相来测定其地震深度 ,结果为南平台用地核界面波测定的震源深度与中国地震台网所测定的深度接近 ,用震中附近反射转换波定震源深度与中国地震台网所测定的深度有一定的误差。对此 ,本文进行了讨论。     

A possible energy mechanism for cosmological γ-ray bursts

We suggest that an extreme Kerr black hole with a mass ∼10⁶ M_⊙, a dimensionless angular momentum     and a marginally stable orbital radius     located in a normal galaxy may produce a γ -ray burst (GRB) by capturing and disrupting a star. During the capture period, a transient accretion disc is formed and a strong transient magnetic field ∼     lasting for     may be produced at the inner boundary of the accretion disc. A large amount of rotational energy of the black hole is extracted and released in an ultrarelativistic jet with a bulk Lorentz factor Γ larger than 10³ via the Blandford–Znajek process. The relativistic jet energy can be converted into γ -radiation via an internal shock mechanism. The GRB duration should be the same as the lifetime of the strong transient magnetic field. The maximum number of sub-bursts is estimated to be     because the disc material is likely to break into pieces with a size about the thickness of the disc h at the cusp     The shortest risetime of the burst estimated from this model is ∼     The model GRB density rate is also estimated.     

Particle reacceleration in the Coma cluster: radio properties and hard X-ray emission

The radio spectral index map of the Coma halo shows a progressive steepening of the spectral index with increasing radius. Such a steepening cannot be simply justified by models involving continuous injection of fresh particles in the Coma halo or by models involving diffusion of fresh electrons from the central regions.
We propose a two-phase model in which the relativistic electrons injected in the Coma cluster by some processes (starbursts, AGNs, shocks, turbulence) during a first phase in the past are systematically reaccelerated during a second phase for a relatively long time (∼1 Gyr) up to the present time. We show that for reacceleration time-scales of ∼0.1 Gyr this hypothesis can well account for the radio properties of Coma C. For the same range of parameters which explain Coma C we have calculated the expected fluxes from the inverse Compton scattering of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons, finding that the hard X-ray tail discovered by BeppoSAX may be accounted for by the stronger reacceleration allowed by the model.
The possibility of extending the main model assumptions and findings to the case of the other radio haloes is also discussed, the basic predictions being consistent with the observations.     

No evidence for coherent diffractive radiation patterns in the millisecond pulsar PSR J0437–4715

An independent analysis of the 326.5-MHz data obtained by the Ooty Radio Telescope reveals no evidence for coherent diffractive radiation patterns in the millisecond pulsar PSR J0437–4715 .