山西晚古生代层序地层低水位期沉积特征探讨

华北陆表海层序地层有无中低水位期沉积,学术界观点不一。通过对华北(主要是山西境内)晚古生代含煤沉积建造特征与北美精典层序地层特征进行分析对比,认为山西晚古生代含煤沉积建造中存在中低水位期沉积。待征表现为:在北部近陆源区的一套巨厚砾石、含砾粗砂沉积,向南变为一套含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩的河流相沉积,最南部变为三角洲相和泻湖—堡岛相含煤沉积。     

地球长波辐射 (OLR)遥感与重大自然灾害预测

针对目前重大自然灾害 (如地震、洪水泛滥、火山喷发等 )还难能作出短期预测预警的现实状况 ,文中提出利用极轨卫星遥感所监测的“地气”系统射出长波辐射 (即OLR)信息 ,是可能攻克这一难关的突破口。文中不仅详细介绍了有关OLR数据的产出原理及其载荷卫星 (NOAA)运行的主要参数 ,而且还结合近年来发生的重大自然灾害实例 ,利用笔者研究的应用OLR提取灾前预测信息的3种方法 ,客观地给出了OLR时空变化图像。结果显示 ,在重大自然灾害事件发生前 ,在未来可能发生重灾的区域及其附近 ,OLR呈现出比周围区域更显著的辐射增强变化特征。这一特征的揭示 ,为利用卫星遥感技术预测未来可能发灾区域及时作出短期预测预警提供了一种新的途径。文末对目前有关强震前热红外异常成因的两种看法做了综合介绍和简要评述。     

北京市典型山洪流域暴雨洪水分析

依据北京市1980~2012年间降水摘录资料和洪水摘录资料,选择张家坟流域为典型山洪流域,分析不同量级洪水的雨量、洪量、峰现时间及洪水过程与暴雨之间的关系。分析方法和分析结果为山洪流域的洪水预报提供了一定的借鉴。     

Volcanic Eruption Induced Floods. A Rainfall-Runoff Model Applied to the Vesuvian Region (Italy)

Explosive events are commonly accompanied or followed byheavy rains. These eruption-induced storms together with thedeposition of large amounts of ash contribute to destabilise thehydrological cycle in the areas affected by volcanic eruptions.Flooding of the region surrounding the active volcano can easilyfollow, increasing the complexity of the volcanic crisis and itsmanagement. This is particularly true in the case of Vesuvius,that is not only characterized by a dramatic volcanic hazard, butit is also located within an area that is normally prone to flood hazard. A complete assessment of the impact associated with explosive volcaniceruptions should involve a flood hazard assessment for the region.This work represents a first attempt to address the problem: atopographically based rainfall-runoff model was here applied to theVesuvian area where two main sub-basins were analysed. The modelwas applied to evaluate the role of selected parameters on the totaldischarge at the basins' outlet. These parameters were chosen amongthose likely to be affected by an explosive event and were variedthrough a reasonable range. Results confirm that the deposition oflarge amounts of ash can affect the temporal evolution of the dischargeand its maximum value, for a given precipitation event. The simulationspresented outline the need for a detailed flood forecasting study for theVesuvian area, that should be included within the hazard mitigation strategies.     

下荆江二元结构河岸土体特性及崩岸机理

三峡水库蓄水后下荆江河段河床冲刷下切, 局部河段崩岸险情频繁发生。为研究下荆江二元结构河岸的土体特性及崩岸机理,结合近期该河段崩岸情况,现场查勘了6个崩岸点,并对河岸土体进行了室内土工试验。试验结果表明下荆江河岸土体的垂向组成具有典型的二元结构特征:下部非粘性土（沙土）层较厚,上部粘性土（低液限粘土）层较薄且松散。以河岸崩塌过程分析为基础,提出了二元结构河岸发生绕轴崩塌时上部土层稳定性的计算方法。结合近岸水动力条件计算及土工试验结果,定量分析了二元结构河岸的崩塌机理及其影响因素:① 下部沙土层的起动流速比近岸流速小得多,故该土层容易受水流冲刷;②上部粘性土层崩塌前抗冲强度很大,但多为低液限粘土且相对松散,崩塌后堆积在岸边容易分解并被水流带走;③ 河岸稳定安全系数在一个水文年内呈周期性变化,落水期安全系数最小,故容易引发崩岸,该计算结果与近期崩岸实际统计结果一致。     

Influence of tectonics and neotectonics on the morphogenesis of the peak karst of Halong Bay,Vietnam

Abstract

In northeast Vietnam, the karst of Halong Bay is characterized by very active neotectonics. The directional distribution of fracturing of the calcareous rocks is characterized by the influence of two major fault zones: the Red River fault zone (N140) and the Tan-Lu fault zone (N050). Karst development was favoured by intense fracturing, according to these two major directions, and reactived during recent tectonics by a compressional regime with σ1 N070, followed by an extensional regimes with σ1 near to EW that led to significant vertical movement. These tectonics, coupled with intense erosion, led to genesis and evolution of the spectacular morphology of this peak karst. © Elsevier, Paris     

非开挖穿河管道工程对堤基渗流稳定的影响评价

非开挖穿河管道工程在河流与堤基下的地层中形成一条隐蔽、弯曲的扰动带,为了评价该扰动带诱发渗透破坏的可能性,结合工程实例建立了相应的地下水流数值模拟模型。利用该模型,在极端不利的水文、气象条件下,计算地下水流场中最大水力坡度;依据临界水力梯度法,定量评价工程诱发渗透破坏的可能性。实例研究表明,最大水力坡度值随河水位上升而逐渐增大,但增速逐渐变缓;河道底部厚度不大但渗透系数很小的淤泥层,对最大水力坡度值的影响十分明显。     

Concept for a Web-based Information System for Flood Management

Recent emergency flood situations at European rivers have revealed the demand for better and in-time information for citizens in flood prone areas about flood development, as well as better coordination of resources and actions during pre-flood phases and its critical stage. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a large potential to improve the situation. Decisions may be supported by information about resources available at the region and national level, by information about means and access to critical locations at the prevention as well as the evacuation phases, and by including citizens as well as managers into one common information and communication process. The paper outlines the potential of ICT for these aspects.     

Estimation of Strong Ground Motion Due to Hypothetical Fault Ruptures and Comparison with Recorded Values: The Zakynthos,Western Greece Earthquake of 18 November 1997

In the present study, distribution of the seismic acceleration at base rock level has been computed for the Zakynthos (Western Greece) M_s = 6.6 earthquake of 18 November 1997, using a semi-empirical approach, taking into consideration the shape and dimension of the fault as well as the direction of the rupture propagation. Considering the geological conditions of the region under investigation and a simplifiedamplification factor, the distribution of peak ground acceleration is obtained. The results derived in this study are based on the amplification factors and velocity response spectra observed in Japan. To get more realistic results we also incorporated in our model attenuation factors obtained by using data from earthquakes in Greece. Different sets of results are compared with peak ground acceleration values recorded by instruments installed in the investigated area and the validity of the applied method is discussed.     

Sedimentary Characteristics of Flood-Overlake in Large Depression Basin——Taking the 4th Member, Quantou Formation, Lower Cretaceous,in Southern Songliao Basin as an Example

本文建立了一种干旱背景下坳陷湖盆全新的沉积充填模式,即“洪水—河漫湖”沉积模式.在干旱背景下,物源区的河流主要表现为季节性的洪水,大多数河流都消失在荒漠中,河水主要以地表蒸发、植被生态消耗、地下渗流、河流终端湖以及河漫湖等形式排泄,坳陷湖盆内并未形成统—大面积的汇水中心和湖相沉积.这种背景条件下,湖盆的沉积充填特征明显不同于经典的坳陷湖盆和浅水湖盆沉积.下白垩统泉头组四段沉积时期,松辽盆地具有气候干旱、地势平坦、生物单调贫乏等特征,盆地南部存在5大沉积体系及7条主要的水系.除在盆地西部古龙凹陷地区河流汇水形成小范围浅水湖泊外,在盆地南部主要为“洪水—河漫湖”的河流相沉积.坳陷湖盆“洪水—河漫湖”沉积具有以下特点:①全盆地没有统一的汇水中心,因而缺乏大面积分布的湖相和三角洲沉积;②河流表现为季节性的洪水,部分河流由于地形变缓,并未进入汇水中心,而是消失在荒漠中,河流相为盆地沉积充填的主要类型;③湖盆具有多物源、多漫湖、满盆含砂的沉积特点;④河漫湖与河流在空间分布上存在3种关系,即河流终止于河漫湖、河流穿过河漫湖、河流绕过河漫湖等.坳陷湖盆“洪水—河漫湖”是—种中—新生代陆相坳陷湖盆沉积充填的新模式,具有重要的理论和实践意义.