Evolution of vegetation activity on vegetated,eroded, and erosion risk areas in the central Spanish Pyrenees,using multitemporal Landsat imagery

The temporal evolution of vegetation activity on various land cover classes in the Spanish Pyrenees was analyzed. Two time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used, corresponding to March (early spring) and August (the end of summer). The series were generated from Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ images for the period 1984–2007. An increase in the NDVI in March was found for vegetated areas, and the opposite trend was found in both March and August for degraded areas (badlands and erosion risk areas). The rise in minimum temperature and the time variation of the cloud cover during the study period appears to be the most important factors explaining increased NDVI in the vegetated areas. In degraded areas, no climatic or topographic variable was associated with the negative NDVI trend, which may be related to erosion processes taking place in these regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A two‐dimensional morphodynamic model of gravel‐bed river with floodplain vegetation

Artificially straight river channels tend to be unstable, and ultimately develop into river meanders through bank erosion and point‐bar deposition. In this paper account is taken of the effects of riparian and floodplain vegetation on bank strength, floodplain flow resistance, shear stress partitioning, and bedload transport. This is incorporated into an existing 2D hydrodynamic‐morphological model. By applying the new model to an initially straight and single‐threaded channel, the way that its planform and cross‐sectional geometry evolve for different hydraulic and floodplain vegetation conditions is demonstrated. The results show the formation and upstream migration of gravel bars, confluence scouring and the development of meandering and braiding channel patterns. In cases where the channel becomes unstable, the instability grows out of bar formation. The resulting braiding patterns are similar to analytical results. The formation of a transition configuration requires a strong influence from vegetation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流域植被对径流调节作用的实验研究

根据河北省邢台市西部山区两个小流域实验站的水文监测资料,研究了不同流域内的不同植被对径流的影响。分析了流域植被对径流的年内分配、径流系数、削减洪峰以及枯季径流量等的影响。结果表明,流域植被对涵养水源、调节径流量、增大枯季径流量起到重要作用。     

植被覆盖度与城区地表热量的动态变化分析

近几年随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市周边环境发生了巨大的变化,其中最为突出的热点表现在城市气候状况的逐年变化,针对气候变化国内、外气候学家做出了众多研究成果。这里研究的重点在利用遥感技术对客观数据大面积、高时效、全面真实地分析处理的基础上,来动态地研究城市植被覆盖度变化与城区地表热量分布的关系,通过对1992年、2006年的Landsat5TM遥感数据的分析,估算植被的覆盖度并对城区地表温度进行反演,从而客观得出植被覆盖度与城区地表热量分布图,揭示出植被覆盖度与城市地袁热量分布之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,城市植被覆盖度与城市地表热量分布之间呈现出明显的负相关性,具体表现为植被覆盖度越低的地区,城市热量值比植被覆盖度越高的地区城市热量值高。     

Short communication: Engineering properties of wetland plants with application to wave attenuation

This technical note presents empirically-derived values for biophysical attributes of several commonly occurring wetland plant species, including plant stem diameter and tapering, plant clump and stem spacing statistics, biomass, Young's modulus of elasticity, and bending strength. These parameters can be used to more realistically configure plant canopies in numerical and laboratory studies to further our understanding of wave attenuation by wetlands.     

人工堤坝影响下的黄河三角洲海岸带生态特征分析

在滨海地区,堤坝干扰对自然植被景观及土壤属性的梯度变化规律有重要的影响.本文采用统计分析和梯度分析的方法,在RS信息提取和GIS空间分析技术的支持下,从植被群落的变化入手,从样地尺度上研究堤坝对黄河三角洲海岸带土壤环境的影响并揭示堤坝干扰下,土壤属性的梯度变化规律.研究表明:(1)堤坝影响海岸带地区自然植被的盖度,并且...     

1982—1999年珠江流域归一化植被指数与降水年际变化分析

利用1982—1999年月平均归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法分别研究了珠江流域的NDVI和降水在年和年际尺度上的异常关系,并分析了NDVI与降水及其他一些气象因子的相关关系。研究发现流域NDVI和降水在年内异常上具有较好的空间一致性,在时间上具有1—2个月的滞后;年际尺度上两者异常空间差异明显,流域东部(下游)异常为负相关,西部(上游)异常为正相关。NDVI和各气候因子的相关关系存在明显的空间和季节差异:流域东部NDVI和降水负相关明显,和温度及太阳短波辐射正相关明显;流域西部NDVI和降水滞后正相关明显,和温度相关不明显;NDVI在夏季和降水呈显著负相关,在春、秋季节滞后于降水,呈明显正相关,且滞后3个月正相关最为明显。     

唐古拉地区活动层水热状况及地气系统能水平衡分析

活动层水热状况与地-气系统间能水交换直接影响着寒区生态环境、水文过程以及多年冻土的稳定性。利用唐古拉站2007年实测资料和SHAW模型,对研究点活动层土壤剖面温湿度进行了模拟。土壤温度方面,模型的纳什效率系数NSE≥0.93;水分方面,纳什效率系数的平均值为0.69,说明SHAW模型可用于多年冻土区活动层内水热动态变化的模拟研究。基于模型的输出结果,对唐古拉站活动层土壤冻融过程中的水分动态、地表能量收支的变化特征进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)活动层冻融过程中,土壤水分的冻结和融化响应时间随土壤深度的增加而逐渐滞后,水分迁移通量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减小;(2)地表能量平衡收支在季风活动引起的降水与活动层的冻融循环共同影响下,表现出明显的季节性变化特征。同时,通过改变SHAW模型植被输入参数中的叶面积指数,分析了植被覆盖变化对多年冻土区土壤蒸散发的影响。结果表明:植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量与总的蒸散发量与植被的叶面积指数呈正相关关系,而浅层土壤含水率(20 cm)则表现为负相关,当叶面积指数在-100%(裸土)~100%变化时,总蒸散发量的变化幅度为-5%~13%。     

A study of planetary wave errors in a spectral numerical weather prediction model

Abstract

A series of fifteen 96‐h forecasts made with a spectral numerical weather prediction model is studied with reference to errors in the planetary wavelengths. The major contributor to the short (less than 48‐h) range forecast error is identified as an external mode. The medium range forecast error (96 h) is internal in character and reflects a deficiency in the simulation of the quasi‐stationary components.     

The influence of flood frequency, geomorphic setting and grazing on plant communities and plant biomass on a large dryland floodplain

Plant communities on semi-arid floodplains are ecologically important and support a diverse local and regional fauna and often pastoral economies. Water resource development may affect these communities and economies by decreasing water supply; determining the nature of these relationships is not straightforward because of the complex nature of plant responses to wetting and possible interactions with other drivers. We investigate the effects of reduced wetting on vegetation by examining spatial patterns in plant communities and above-ground herbaceous plant biomass across a flood frequency gradient, geomorphic settings and grazing exclosures. Community and biomass changes were also examined over time in relation to wetting events. The results demonstrate the importance of wetting on plant communities across timescales. At longer timescales, flood frequency influences community composition; at shorter timescales, wetting increase plant biomass and has a secondary influence on community composition. Plant biomass is also influenced in the short-term by grazing, but there is little influence of grazing on community composition. Soil nutrients do not vary systematically across the floodplain and have little influence on species distributions. We conclude that reduced water availability due to water resource development will result in reduced productivity in the short-term and community composition changes in the long-term.