湖光岩玛珥湖晚全新世人类活动的叶蜡烷烃及其碳同位素沉积记录

通过对广东省湛江市湖光岩玛珥湖晚全新世沉积物中叶蜡烷烃（n-C₂₉,n-C₃₁,n-C₃₃）及其碳同位素（δ^{13C）进行分析,探讨该湖区约3.5 ka BP以来的植被变化历史,重点讨论了人类活动对该区域植被变化可能带来的影响。叶蜡烷烃δ13区C₃植物占绝对优势,表现为典型的C在1.7 ka BP以前偏轻,例如长链烷烃碳同位素在1.78 ka BP为-33.27 ‰,表明湖C₃型生态系统;在1.7 ka BP之后碳同位素明显快速偏重,在1.63 ka BP为-28.26‰,指示了C₄植物出现和C₄比例上升的过程。C₄植物的出现通常指示气候的干旱化,但是烷烃P_aq和ACL指数（平均链长）则显示湖区气候可能在1.7 ka BP后变湿润。通过与研究区甘蔗的同位素和ACL指数的比较分析,推测这一矛盾现象可能与湖区开始有一定规模的甘蔗种植活动有关。}     

Freeze-thaw processes of active-layer soils in the Nanweng'he River National Natural Reserve in the Da Xing'anling Mountains,northern Northeast China

The active-layer soils overlying the permafrost are the most thermodynamically active zone of rock or soil and play important roles in the earth-atmosphere energy system. The processes of thawing and freezing and their associated complex hydrothermal coupling can significantly affect variation in mean annual temperatures and the formation of ground ice in permafrost regions. Using soil-temperature and-moisture data obtained from the active layer between September 2011 and October 2014 in the permafrost region of the Nanweng'he River in the Da Xing'anling Mountains, the freeze-thaw characteristics of the permafrost were studied. Based on analysis of ground-temperature variation and hydrothermal transport characteristics, the thawing and freezing processes of the active layer were divided into three stages:(1) autumn-winter freezing,(2) winter freeze-up, and(3) spring-summer thawing. Variations in the soil temperature and moisture were analyzed during each stage of the freeze-thaw process, and the effects of the soil moisture and ground vegetation on the freeze-thaw are discussed in this paper. The study's results show that thawing in the active layer was unidirectional, while the ground freezing was bidirectional(upward from the bottom of the active layer and downward from the ground surface).During the annual freeze-thaw cycle, the migration of soil moisture had different characteristics at different stages. In general, during a freezing-thawing cycle, the soil-water molecules migrate downward, i.e., soil moisture transports from the entire active layer to the upper limit of the permafrost. In the meantime, freeze-thaw in the active layer can be significantly affected by the soil-moisture content and vegetation.     

Hydrogeomorphic processes and vegetation: disturbance,process histories,dependencies and interactions

Riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphic processes are intimately connected parts of upland catchment and fan environments. Trees, shrubs and grasses and hydrogeomorphic processes interact and depend on each other in complex ways on the hillslopes, channels and cone‐shaped fans of torrential watersheds. While the presence and density of vegetation have a profound influence on hydrogeomorphic processes, the occurrence of the latter will also exert control on the presence, vitality, species, and age distribution of vegetation. This contribution aims at providing a review of foundational and more recent work on the dependencies and interactions between hydrogeomorphic processes and vegetation. In particular, we address the role of vegetation in the initiation of hydrogeomorphic processes and its impact on stream morphology as well as immediate and long‐term effects of hydrogeomorphic disturbance on vegetation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

STORAGE OF MINING-RELATED ZINC IN FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTS,BLUE RIVER,WISCONSIN

This study investigates spatial patterns of sediment-associated zinc (Zn) storage in floodplain deposits and the potential reintroduction of these metal-contaminated sediments to the active channel by bank erosion. We estimate patterns of Zn mass storage by combining longitudinal trends in Zn concentrations with measurements of sediment mass storage in overbank and point-bar deposits. Overbank deposits are the largest contaminant sink, storing five times more Zn than the point-bar deposits. While Zn concentrations decrease downstream because of dilution effects, the total mass of Zn stored in floodplains is greatest in both the upstream reaches and in the wider lower valleys where low channel gradients promote rapid sedimentation. Zn storage is low in middle reaches where steep, narrow valleys with high stream power favor sediment transport over deposition. Overall, more than half of the Zn released by mining remains stored in floodplain deposits within the watershed. The remobilization of Zn from storage is more likely in the upstream and mid-basin reaches where high stream power increases rates of lateral channel migration. Channels in the lower valley lack the stream power to migrate laterally and remobilize the large Zn mass stored in overbank sediments. [Key words: floodplains, Zn contamination, mining, stream power, Wisconsin.]     

干旱区沙漠化土地逆转植被的防风固沙效益研究

使用便携式防沙风速廓线测量仪和阶梯式集沙仪测定了单个植物的阻风作用以及不同恢复阶段植被内的近地面风速、输沙量;同时调查了不同恢复阶段植被的组成、覆盖度,土壤理化性质。结果表明,油蒿、沙蒿、柠条和花棒的个体空间构型分别是:沙蒿、花棒株型为疏散丛生型;柠条株型为中间丛生型;油蒿株型为紧密丛生型;近地面0~50 cm层的阻风阻沙作用效果由强到弱依次为油蒿>沙蒿>柠条>花棒。演替更新过程中,柠条、花棒、沙蒿逐渐衰退,到顶级群落阶段已完全从群落中退出,油蒿形成单一优势种顶级群落。由于优势种群的变化,从初始阶段→发展阶段→相对稳定阶段（顶级群落阶段）的演替更新过程中,近地面粗糙度从0.003 cm、6.039 cm增加到17.726 cm;在流动沙丘2 m高度风速为6.5 m·s-1时,相对稳定阶段没有出现风蚀,发展阶段输沙量只达到1.83 g·cm-1·h-1,占到初始阶段的3.2%。在3 m高度风速相同时,发展阶段近地面风速较初始阶段降低了54.29%,沙结皮厚度达到1~3 mm,所占面积比例达到91%,已经基本实现防风固沙;相对稳定阶段近地面风速较初始阶段降低了83.68%,沙结皮厚度达到5~6 mm,所占面积比例达到98%,完全实现防风固沙。     

2000～2014年洞庭湖区植物面积变化及其与湖泊水位的关系

利用增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI),采用Mann-Kendall方法和Sen’s斜率估计方法,研究2000~2014年洞庭湖区的植物面积及其变化趋势,以及其与水位之间的关系。研究结果表明,枯水年洞庭湖区的植物面积最大,平水年的次之,丰水年的最小;2000~2014年期间,洞庭湖区增强型植被指数的变化存在空间异质性,东洞庭湖区的大部分区域的增强型植被指数无显著变化,南洞庭湖区的大部分区域的增强型植被指数显著增大;洞庭湖区18.08%的区域的增强型植被指数显著增大,这些区域主要集中在高滩地(平均海拔为26.61 m);7.51%的区域的增强型植被指数显著减小,这些区域主要集中在低滩地(平均海拔为25.79 m);随着湖泊水位的上升,洞庭湖区植物面积在减少,当洞庭湖水位为24 m时,最适合植物生长,当洞庭湖水位低于24 m时,洞庭湖区的植物面积受水位变化的影响较小。     

伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.     

基于多时相CBERS/CCD数据的塔里木河下游植被变化

自2000年实施生态输水以后,塔里木河下游断流区沿岸自然植被得到了不同程度的恢复。根据逐年中等分辨率遥感数据,利用时间轨迹分析方法,对植被变化的过程和趋势进行分析。选择2000-2005年各年的最佳CBERS/CCD图像,根据土壤调整植被指数值,将各年土地覆被分为植被和非植被;基于分类结果逐像元构建土地覆被变化轨迹;并按照过程和趋势特征将变化轨迹划分为恒定非植被、恒定植被、转变为植被、转变为非植被和非稳定变化5种变化类型。通过分析植被面积变化与生态输水之间的关系、以及不同趋势类型的数量、空间特征,并结合输水资料和地面调查结果,了解各种变化趋势的变化过程、植被结构和变化原因。结果表明:植被面积随生态输水的进行呈逐年增加趋势;输水过程中,7.94%的区域呈现转变为植被的趋势,主要是草本植物恢复和灌木丛的复苏所致;同时仅有2.66%的像元转变为非植被;由于生态脆弱性较高,尚有10.43%的像元表现为非稳定变化。变化轨迹所揭示的过程特征显示,由非植被向植被转变的变化主要出现在2003年最大规模输水以后;在河水漫溢区尤为明显。实践还表明,干旱区植被变化波动频繁,时间轨迹分析方法有利于揭示植被的变化过程和趋势;而CBERS/CCD数据的免费使用,为利用中等空间分辨率遥感数据进行时间轨迹分析节约了成本。     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

TM 图像在城市绿地调查中的应用

城市绿化水平是衡量城市生态环境质量和平衡状况的主要标准,因此,收集城市的绿化信息非常重要.传统的借助人力实地勘察的手段费时费力且数据不准确,成了制约城市绿化建设的瓶颈问题.以TM卫星图像的数据源为线索,辅之以一系列遥感图像的处理方法,如几何校正、图像增强、波段组合、专题信息提取、数据的换算等,适当结合实地踏查,就能准确及时便捷地收集城市的绿化信息,为制定合理科学的城市规划提供依据.