长江口东南泥质区百年来稀土元素的组成及控制因素

在210pb定年的基础上,分析了长江口外东南泥质区柱样沉积物稀土元素含量、特征参数分布特征及其与粒径、常量元素等的相关性,探讨了150 a以来稀土元素的来源、制约因素及对沉积环境的响应.结果表明,柱样稀土元素总量(ΣREE)变化范围不大,分布范围为158.38～197.87 μg/g,平均值为183.49μg/g,总体...     

Calibration of an oscillating nozzle‐type rainfall simulator

Nozzle‐type rainfall simulators are commonly used in hydrologic and soil erosion research. Simulated rainfall intensity, originating from the nozzle, increases as the distance between the point of measurement and the source is decreased. Hence, rainfall measured using rain gauges would systematically overestimate the rainfall received at the ground level. A simple model was developed to adjust rainfall measured anywhere under the simulator to plot‐wide average rainfall at the ground level. Nozzle height, plot width, gauge diameter and height, and gauge location are required to compute this adjustment factor. Results from 15 runs at different rain intensities and durations, and with different rain gauge layouts, showed that a simple average of measured rain would overestimate the plot‐wide rain by about 20 per cent. Using the adjustment factor to convert measured rainfall for individual gauges before averaging improved the estimate of plot‐wide rainfall considerably. For the 15 runs considered, overall discrepancy between actual and measured rain is reduced to less than 1 per cent with a standard error of 0·97 mm. This model can be easily tested in the ?eld by comparing rainfall depths of different sized gauges. With the adjustment factor they should all give very similar values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SSM的云南省产业结构水平测评

基于传统偏离-份额分析法（SSM）以及动态偏离-份额分析法,首先对中国西部地区12省（直辖市、自治区）产业结构进行横向对比,再结合云南省产业结构的历年纵向分析,旨在为云南省产业结构优化升级、经济发展方式转变提供科学参考．结果表明：1）云南省第一产业在产业结构和竞争力上均处于相对落后地位;2）云南省第二产业结构优势不明显,具备一定的竞争力优势,但同西部发达地区相比仍有一定差距;3）云南省第三产业结构优势明显,但竞争力优势不明显,产业结构优势未能很好的转化为竞争力优势;4）云南省应根据自身优势及存在问题,抓住机遇、制定对策,促进产业结构优化升级．     

Volume estimation of small scale debris flows based on observations of topographic changes using airborne LiDAR DEMs

This paper describes a geographic information system(GIS)-based method for observing changes in topography caused by the initiation, transport, and deposition of debris flows using highresolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR) digital elevation models(DEMs) obtained before and after the debris flow events. The paper also describes a method for estimating the volume of debris flows using the differences between the LiDAR DEMs. The relative and absolute positioning accuracies of the LiDAR DEMs were evaluated using a real-time precise global navigation satellite system(GNSS) positioning method. In addition, longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the study area were constructed to determine the topographic changes caused by the debris flows. The volume of the debris flows was estimated based on the difference between the LiDAR DEMs. The accuracies of the relative and absolute positioning of the two LiDAR DEMs were determined to be ±10 cm and ±11 cm RMSE, respectively, which demonstrates the efficiency of the method for determining topographic changes at an scale equivalent to that of field investigations. Based on the topographic changes, the volume of the debris flows in the study area was estimated to be 3747 m3, which is comparable with the volume estimated based on the data from field investigations.     

Empirical Analysis of City Contact in Zhujiang （Pearl） River Delta,China

In traditional urban geography, city contact research is a classic study element in city research. In general, researchers use the traditional gravity model to characterize the contacts that exist between two cities. The traditional gravity model assumes ideal condi- tions, but these preconditions and their results often do not exist in realistic conditions. Thus, we used a modified gravity model to char- acterize the city contacts within a specific region. This model considers factors such as intercity complementarities, government inter- vention, and the diversity of the transportation infrastructure which is characterized as the transportation distance instead of the tradi- tional Euclidean distance. We applied this model to an empirical study of city contact in the Zhujiang （Pearl） River Delta （PRD） of China. The regression results indicated that the modified gravity model could measure city contact more accurately and comprehen- sively than the traditional gravity model, i.e., it yielded a higher adjusted R2 value （0.379） than the traditional gravity model result （0.259）. Our study also suggests that, in addition to urban-regional and metropolitan development, the complementarities of the basic functions of cities at the administrative and market levels, as well as the corporeal and immaterial levels, play very significant roles in the characterization of city contact. Given the complexity of city contact, it will be necessary to consider more relevant influential fac- tors in the modified gravity model to characterize the features of city contact in the future.     

Spatiotemporal patterns of road network and road development priority in three parallel rivers region in Yunnan, China: An evaluation based on modified kernel distance estimate

Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.     

混合LS-TLS的GM（1,1）模型在基坑水平位移监测中的应用

通过分析传统GM（1,1）模型的局限性,提出了混合整体最小二乘法（混合LS-TLS）的GM（1,1）模型,并将其应用于宁夏某深基坑水平位移的监测中。同时,将此模型与最小二乘法（LS）的GM（1,1）模型及整体最小二乘法（TLS）的GM（1,1）模型进行了对比,分析了3种模型所求水平位移的预测值。结果表明,混合LS-TLS的GM（1,1）模型更符合工程实际,预测精度更高,在深基坑水平位移监测中具有一定的实用性。     

利用数字中频信号模拟器和软件接收机对MBOC信号进行精度测试评估

在对MBOC信号的码跟踪噪声和多径误差进行理论分析的基础上,借助于所开发的数字中频信号模拟器和软件接收机进行了闭环测试评估。通过将数字中频闭环测试结果与理论预期值和模拟器仿真值进行对比分析,从多个层次有效验证了MBOC(6,1,1/11)相对于BOC(1,1)和BPSK-R(1)的测距精度改善。     

美国导弹防御系统的空间特征及对我国安全影响分析

小布什总统上台后,美国加速推进导弹防御计划,并在相关地区迅速布建导弹防御系统。该系统的核心目标是保卫美国本土和重要海外利益的安全,其主要防范对象是欧亚大陆上具有远程打击能力的大国。美国导弹防御系统建设的空间格局显示,俄罗斯、中国是该系统的主要对手,该计划的实施严重危害大国之间的战略平衡,对中国国家安全构成威胁。     

直接找油气的地球物理新原理的进展现状

近年来,国际上利用地震反射波勘探技术直接找油气的探索研究受到普遍重视.本文试图针对这一发展历史作一综述. 首先,介绍Knott（1899）和Zoeppritz（1919）分别导出的反射波振幅公式进行的数值计算,从而发现振幅与入射角的变化关系及其受反射面两侧岩层泊松比值的影响.然后,列举了几处油气区地震波勘探直接找油气的实例,以试验此项新原理在实践中所遇到的问题,说明直接找油气的地球物理新方法是可取的,是有前途的,但目前还不够有效,要达到实用还有一段较长的距离,因此,有进一步加强基础性实验研究的必要.