The State of Arts: Sources,Microbial Processes and Ecological Effects of Iron in the Marine Environment

Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, and it often appears as a trace element in the ocean. Iron has a variable valence and diverse functions, and is an important force to regulate marine primary productivity and drive the geochemical cycle in the ocean. Previous studies have shown that iron plays an important role in maintaining primary productivity, coupling matter cycles, and regulating the transformation of biogenic factors. In recent years, with the development of microbial ecology, iron research has enter more in-depth levels, including microbial-driven iron oxidation-reduction behavior, metabolic processes, and interactions with other major elements(C/N/P). This paper attempts to review the latest progress of iron, focusing on the published literatures of the past fifteen years. Firstly, we explained the sources and occurrence states of iron in the ocean (such as dissolved, colloidal, granular and organic state); Secondly, we reviewed the types and process mechanisms of microbial-mediated iron redoxbehavior (for example nitrate oxidation, and biological reduction, etc.); Finally, we summarized the coupling relationship between iron and C/N/P cycle. Additionally, the ecological roles of iron in specific ecological event (for instance algal bloom) has also been described. Furthermore, the "chemical-biological-physical" theoretical framework for marine iron research is also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide more information for marine microecological research and their effects on iron cycle under changing environment, such as global change.     

底泥疏浚效果及环境效应研究进展

底泥疏浚的效果至今仍存在很大争议,其中之一是疏浚后所产生的环境效果有可能偏离人们的期望.疏浚能够有效的削减沉积物中营养物、重金属和持久性有机物等污染物含量,但疏浚过程中会引起污染物向水体释放,疏浚后的界面过程有可能对疏浚效果产生较大影响.底泥疏浚对水体富营养化的控制有成功的经验也有失败的教训,不同的湖泊疏浚后对营养盐释放的控制效果不同.底泥疏浚往往对底栖生物产生危害,具体表现为种类、丰富度与生物量的减少,群落结构发生变化,多样性降低;疏浚后微生物胞外酶活性降低,底泥疏浚对沉积物代谢功能存在显著影响,底栖生物和酶活性的恢复需要长期的过程.底泥疏浚对湖泊水污染控制具有时效性,疏浚方式、疏浚深度与疏浚时令是疏浚工程应关注的问题.     

化学作用下高庙子膨润土屏障性能演化行为

深地质处置库运营过程中,受地下水化学成分、可能泄露的核素等近场化学条件影响,膨润土工程屏障性能可能发生衰减。围绕化学作用下膨润土屏障性能的演化行为,以我国北山处置库预选场地为工程背景,以内蒙古高庙子膨润土为研究对象,首先介绍了高庙子膨润土的基本物理性质及北山预选场地近场化学条件;在此基础上,详细总结了化学作用下高庙子膨润土水力、力学及阻滞等屏障性能演化行为相关研究成果。结果表明:化学作用对膨润土持水、渗透特性的影响可分别依据渗透吸力及双电层理论解释;化学作用下膨润土膨胀力的衰减与其水化膨胀机制有关,化-力耦合及化-水-力耦合作用下膨润土变形特性因渗透固结、化学软化效应而发生改变;膨润土的吸附与扩散特性受核素浓度、离子环境、pH值等因素影响。最后,提出化学作用下膨润土屏障性能演化研究应重点关注的方向。     

城市交通隧道内火灾环境发展规律的数值模拟研究

为缓解城市地面交通压力,城市交通隧道在许多大城市中已经得到越来越多的应用。由于城市交通隧道具有特殊的交通特性、地理位置及建筑结构,其火灾安全问题受到了极大的关注。研究其内部的火灾环境,对于设置相应的防火安全设施来保证内部人员和隧道结构本身的安全至关重要。本文采用数值模拟的手段,对自然通风工况下,有坡度和无坡度隧道在火灾环境下的温度分布特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,2种隧道内的温度分布特性有很大差异;对于由烟囱效应导致的有坡度情况下的温度分布特殊性,在制定相应的防排烟措施时应充分考虑。研究结果对于隧道的结构防火设计、防排烟系统设计及火灾时的人员疏散方案制定有一定的参考价值。     

中国城市化过程及其资源与生态环境效应机制

目前中国城市化进程表现为速度过快、地域差异显著以及城乡二元结构明显等特征.城市化带来了显著的生态效应,使城市生态系统的结构、过程和功能受到影响或发生不可逆转的变化,出现了耕地资源流失、水资源稀缺、能源压力、城市环境污染严重以及城市区域生态占用扩大等资源与生态环境问题.目前国内外学者研究了城市热岛效应、城市地表覆被变化、城市生物多样性损失以及城市水土资源等问题,但多侧重单要素、单城市、单学科研究,缺乏多尺度机理性的研究.鉴于此,提出若干未来城市化及其生态环境效应研究的方向与议题,归纳为:(1)中国城市化过程多尺度定量模拟与监测研究;(2)阐明城市化影响下地表自然过程和人文过程相互作用的机理;(3)资源与生态环境约束下中国未来城市化的可能情景及其风险评估等.     

Two-phase Material Point Method applied to the study of cone penetration

This paper presents numerical simulations of Cone Penetration Test (CPT) in water-saturated soft soils taking into account pore pressure dissipation during installation. Besides modelling interaction between soil skeleton and pore fluid, the problem involves large soil deformations in the vicinity of the penetrometer, soil–structure interaction, and complex non-linear response of soil. This makes such simulations challenging. Depending on the soil’s permeability and compressibility, undrained, partially drained or drained conditions might occur. Partially drained conditions are commonly encountered in soils such as silts and sand–clay mixtures. However, this is often neglected in CPT interpretation, which may lead to inaccurate estimates of soil properties. This paper aims at improving the understanding of the penetration process in different drainage conditions through advanced numerical analyses. A two-phase Material Point Method is applied to simulate large soil deformations and generation and dissipation of excess pore pressures during penetration. The constitutive behaviour of soil is modelled with the Modified Cam Clay model. Numerical results are compared with experimental data showing good agreement.     

Spatial distribution of soil shear-wave velocity and the fundamental period of vibration – a case study of the Saguenay region,Canada

The spatial distribution of soil shear-wave velocity and the fundamental period of vibration were selected as input parameters for the determination of potential seismic site effects in the Saguenay region, Canada. The methodology used in this study involved three clear steps. First, a 3D geological model of the surficial deposits was built taking into consideration the type, spatial distribution and thickness of the deposits. Second, representative average V_s values were determined for each of the major soil units. Finally, the average shear-wave velocity from the ground surface to bedrock (V_sav), the shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m (V_s30) and the fundamental site resonance period (T₀) were calculated over a regular grid for the study area. The results include the spatial distribution of the fundamental site resonance period, the average shear-wave velocity in the first 30 m of the ground and the spatial distribution of National Building Code of Canada seismic soil classes for the Saguenay region.     

Cretaceous climate, volcanism, impacts, and biotic effects

Cretaceous volcanic activities (LIPs and CFBPs) appear to have had relatively minor biotic effects, at least at the generic level. Major biotic stress during the Cretaceous was associated with OAEs and related to nutrient availability largely from weathering, greenhouse warming, drowning of platform areas, and volcanism. The biotic effects of OAEs were often dramatic at the species level, causing the extinction of larger specialized and heavily calcified planktonic foraminifera (rotaliporid extinction) and nannoconids (nannoconid crises), the temporary disappearances of other larger species, and the rapid increase in r-selected small and thin-walled species, such as the low oxygen tolerant heterohelicids and radially elongated taxa among planktic foraminifera and thin walled nannofossils. Biotic diversity increased during cool climates, particularly during the late Campanian and Maastrichtian, reaching maximum diversity during the middle Maastrichtian. High biotic stress conditions began during greenhouse warming and Deccan volcanism about 400 ky before the K-T boundary; it reduced abundances of large specialized tropical planktic foraminiferal species and endangered their survival. By K-T time, renewed Deccan volcanism combined with a large impact probably triggered the demise of this already extinction prone species group.Evidence from NE Mexico, Texas, and the Chicxulub crater itself indicates that this 170 km-diameter crater predates the K-T boundary by 300,000 years and caused no species extinctions. The Chicxulub impact, therefore, can no longer be considered a direct cause for the K-T mass extinction. However, the K-T mass extinction is closely associated with a global Ir anomaly, which is considered too large, too widespread, and too concentrated in a thin layer to have originated from volcanic activity, leaving another large impact as the most likely source. This suggests that a second still unknown larger impact may have triggered the K-T mass extinction.     

青藏高原和热带印度洋5月热力异常与新疆夏季降水的关系

基于1979-2017年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)提供的海表温度资料和美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)/美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)提供的大气环流再分析资料以及青藏高原地区149个站点观测资料计算的地表感热通量和新疆气象信息中心提供的全疆81站逐月降水资料等,研究了5月青藏高原和热带印度洋加热对新疆夏季降...     

DEM resolution dependencies of terrain attributes across a landscape

This paper documents resolution dependencies in terrain analysis and describes how they vary across landform location. Six terrain attributes were evaluated as a function of DEM resolution—slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, north–south slope orientation, east–west slope orientation, and topographic wetness index. The research highlights the effect of varying spatial resolution through a spatial sampling/resampling scheme while maintaining sets of indexed sample points at various resolutions. Tested sample points therefore coincide exactly between two directly compared resolutions in terms of their location and elevation value. An unsupervised landform classification procedure based on statistical clustering algorithms was employed to define landform classes in a reproducible manner. Correlation and regression analyses identified sensitive and consistent responses for each attribute as resolution was changed, although the tested terrain attributes responded in characteristically different ways. These responses displayed distinguishable patterns among various landform classes, a conclusion that was further verified by a series of two‐sample, two‐tailed t‐tests.