中龄和老龄杉木人工林细根序级形态和呼吸特征

以福建省南平市王台镇溪后村安曹下19年生和91年生杉木人工林为研究对象,对其1~5级细根的形态及呼吸特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:2个林分细根直径、根长、组织密度随序级升高逐渐增大,比根长及比根呼吸随序级升高则减小;2个林分细根仅在4级根之间和5级根之间的直径以及5级根之间的比根呼吸具有显著差异(P0.05)。方差分析表明林龄仅对细根直径有极显著影响(P0.01),对根长、比根长、组织密度及比根呼吸的影响均不显著;林龄和序级的交互作用对细根直径,比根长及比根呼吸有显著影响(P0.05,P0.01),对根长和组织密度的影响不显著;序级对两个林分细根直径、根长、比根长、组织密度及比根呼吸的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。回归分析表明2个林分细根直径、根长、比根长、组织密度及比根呼吸与序级之间具有三次函数,指数函数,或者幂函数关系。     

列车振动荷载作用下南京细砂振动累积变形特性试验研究

列车振动荷载作用下松散砂土振密造成的早期路基沉降将对列车的正常运行产生很大的影响。本文以南京地区新近沉积片状细砂为研究对象,采用英国GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟列车振动荷载的实际应力路径,并考虑排水条件、试样围压和加载幅值等因素,初步研究了2000列次(14000振次)列车振动荷载作用下南京新近沉积片状细砂的振动排水特性和竖向累积变形特性。实验结果表明,试样围压对南京片状细砂的竖向累积变形的影响较为明显,同时,当试验围压较小时,加载幅值对试样的竖向累积变形的影响更大。其次,排水条件主要对列车运营前期的路基累积变形产生明显的影响,对后期的累积变形的影响基本可以忽略。最后,根据试验结果,本文也初步给出了排水条件和不排水条件下南京片状细砂的竖向累积应变增长曲线的新预测公式及其参数取值。研究结论对列车振动荷载作用下新近沉积砂性土的动力学特性及其累积变形的计算方法等问题的研究具有很好的参考价值。     

基于岩体精细化描述的围岩分类及力学参数概率分布特征分析

针对目前水电站地下厂房工程中不同围岩分类方法存在评价结果不一致、围岩力学参数存在室内试验值与实际情况不吻合的现象,现推荐采用岩体精细化描述体系对围岩岩体结构进行定量化评价。将常用围岩分类方法(RMR、Q、RMi、GSI、BQ、HC)评价指标予以归纳分组,并通过各组内不同指标对比分析获得围岩分类方法中的基础评价指标。以大岗山水电站主厂房某区段为分析对象,采取现场岩体精细化地质素描与后期数据挖掘、拟合相结合方法,并依据评价指标间的关联关系,获得了基础、非基础评价指标的分布概型及对应参数,实现对该段围岩岩体精细化描述认知;基于精细化描述结果,应用Monte Carlo法生成符合各评价指标分布概型的大量随机数,而后参照各分类方法评价思路与评分流程,得到评价指标在各分类方法对应的大量随机评分值,通过归纳统计获得不同围岩分类方法评价结果的分布概型;基于各围岩分类方法评价结果与力学参数值之间的关联关系实现对力学参数概率特征分析。该分析方法与思路可为类似工程围岩质量及力学参数的精确确定提供一定借鉴,并可为实现围岩支护极限状态设计提供必要的原始参数支持。     

向下延拓在深部矿产勘探中的应用——以青海某矿区为例

勘测深部盲矿体时,矿体距离观测点较远,磁异常的相互叠加常常在地面形成具有一个磁异常中心的宽缓磁异常,分辨不清矿致异常和背景异常。通常用向上延拓、方向导数等处理的效果差强人意。笔者采用向下延拓方法处理了青海某矿区的宽缓磁异常,向下延拓深度为30倍点距,获得了精细的各矿体异常特征。通过与大量的见矿、未见矿钻孔比较,向下延拓场反映的磁异常位置与已见矿钻孔有较好的对应关系,同时指示出全部的未见矿钻孔都处于向下延拓场反映的磁异常外围。基于当前向下延拓方法的稳定计算问题已经取得突破,笔者认为针对一些大埋藏深度的宽缓磁异常采用向下延拓处理,区分叠加异常,圈定异常位置,可以获得事半功倍的效果,为钻孔布置提供佐证。同时对勘探精度也作了一些有意义的讨论。     

青藏高原东北部观赏地被植物马蔺根系固土护坡效应研究

为了进一步丰富青藏高原东北部地区植被护坡工程植物选择,推动区内植被护坡工程实用性和观赏性兼顾发展。该项研究以青藏高原东北部观赏地被植物马蔺为研究对象,以青海省大通县朔北藏族乡至东峡镇之间区域为研究区,在野外植物分布特征和生长特征调查的基础上,结合单根拉伸试验和重塑根-土复合体三轴压缩试验,定量评价了野生马蔺植株和根系生长特征、单根抗拉特性以及根系对土体抗剪强度的增强效应。试验结果表明：马蔺主要分布在研究区内洪积扇、坡积裙和河漫滩等地貌单元,立地条件包括上述地貌单元内的林下坡地、田间、道旁、湿地、荒地等;通过选取两处试验区开展调查可知,马蔺平均株高、冠幅和植株密度分别为75.22±11.40 cm、106.09±25.62 cm和1.51±0.55 株/m2;马蔺标准株根系分布深度可达50 cm,主要分布在0~30 cm深度范围内,根幅约40~50 cm;马蔺根径为0.20～0.70 mm,单根抗拉力、抗拉强度和延伸率平均值分别为7.94±2.91 N,46.30± 11.06 MPa和54.17%±17.08%,随着根径的增大,单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度分别呈幂函数增大和幂函数降低关系,单根极限延伸率随着根径的增大呈逐渐增大变化趋势,但二者之间未表现出相对显著性的关系;马蔺根系对土体黏聚力和内摩擦角均有增强作用,可分别显著增强0~30 cm和0~10 cm深度范围内土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,且对土体黏聚力的增强作用较为显著。该项研究成果对于选用观赏地被植物马蔺进行研究区坡面水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害现象的生态防护工作,具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

Sediment and particulate phosphorus characteristics in grassed waterways from row crop corn and alfalfa fields collected by manual University of Exeter samplers and automatic sampling

Phosphorus (P) export from agricultural lands above known threshold levels can result in adverse impacts to receiving water quality. Phosphorus loss occurs in dissolved and sediment‐bound, or particulate phosphorous (PP), forms, with the latter often dominating losses from row‐cropped systems. To target practices, land managers need good computer models and model developers need good monitoring data. Sediment monitoring data (e.g. radiometric finger printing and sediment P sorption capacity) can help identify sediment source areas and improve models, but require more sediment mass than is typically obtained by automatic sampling. This study compares a simple suspended sediment sampler developed at the University of Exeter (UE) with automatic sampling in intermittent channels draining corn and alfalfa fields. The corn field had a greater runoff coefficient (27%) than alfalfa (11%). No differences were found in enrichment ratios (sediment constituent/soil constituent) in PP (PP_ER) or percent loss on ignition (LOI_ER) between paired UE samplers on corn. The median LOI_ER for the UE samplers (1·9%) did not differ significantly (p > 0·13) from the automatic sampler (2·0%). The PP_ER from the UE samplers was on average 20% lower than the automatic samplers. A correlation (r² = 0·75) was found between sediment PP and % LOI from automatic samplers and UE samplers for particles < 50 µm, while for > 50 µm PP concentration did not change with changes in % LOI. Sediment ammonium‐oxalate extractable metals were similarly related to LOI, with the strongest correlation for iron (r² = 0·71) and magnesium (r² = 0·70). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal distribution of near‐surface and root zone soil moisture at the catchment scale

Soil moisture is highly variable both spatially and temporally. It is widely recognized that improving the knowledge and understanding of soil moisture and the processes underpinning its spatial and temporal distribution is critical. This paper addresses the relationship between near‐surface and root zone soil moisture, the way in which they vary spatially and temporally, and the effect of sampling design for determining catchment scale soil moisture dynamics. In this study, catchment scale near‐surface (0–50 mm) and root zone (0–300 mm) soil moisture were monitored over a four‐week period. Measurements of near‐surface soil moisture were recorded at various resolutions, and near‐surface and root zone soil moisture data were also monitored continuously within a network of recording sensors. Catchment average near‐surface soil moisture derived from detailed spatial measurements and continuous observations at fixed points were found to be significantly correlated (r² = 0·96; P = 0·0063; n = 4). Root zone soil moisture was also found to be highly correlated with catchment average near‐surface, continuously monitored (r² = 0·81; P < 0·0001; n = 26) and with detailed spatial measurements of near‐surface soil moisture (r² = 0·84). The weaker relationship observed between near‐surface and root zone soil moisture is considered to be caused by the different responses to rainfall and the different factors controlling soil moisture for the soil depths of 0–50 mm and 0–300 mm. Aspect is considered to be the main factor influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of near‐surface soil moisture, while topography and soil type are considered important for root zone soil moisture. The ability of a limited number of monitoring stations to provide accurate estimates of catchment scale average soil moisture for both near‐surface and root zone is thus demonstrated, as opposed to high resolution spatial measurements. Similarly, the use of near‐surface soil moisture measurements to obtain a reliable estimate of deeper soil moisture levels at the small catchment scale was demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using a H∞ filter assimilation procedure to estimate root zone soil water content

Root zone soil water content impacts plant water availability, land energy and water balances. Because of unknown hydrological model error, observation errors and the statistical characteristics of the errors, the widely used Kalman filter (KF) and its extensions are challenged to retrieve the root zone soil water content using the surface soil water content. If the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, the KF and its extensions fail to accurately estimate the root zone soil water. The H‐infinity filter (HF) represents a robust version of the KF. The HF is widely used in data assimilation and is superior to the KF, especially when the performance of the model is not well understood. The objective of this study is to study the impact of uncertain soil hydraulic parameters, initial soil moisture content and observation period on the ability of HF assimilation to predict in situ soil water content. In this article, we study seven cases. The results show that the soil hydraulic parameters hold a critical role in the course of assimilation. When the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, an accurate estimation of root soil water content cannot be retrieved by the HF assimilation approach. When the estimated soil hydraulic parameters are similar to actual values, the soil water content at various depths can be accurately retrieved by the HF assimilation. The HF assimilation is not very sensitive to the initial soil water content, and the impact of the initial soil water content on the assimilation scheme can be eliminated after about 5–7 days. The observation interval is important for soil water profile distribution retrieval with the HF, and the shorter the observation interval, the shorter the time required to achieve actual soil water content. However, the retrieval results are not very accurate at a depth of 100 cm. Also it is complex to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter in the HF assimilation. In this article, the trial‐and‐error method was used to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter. After the first establishment of limited range of the parameters, ‘the best parameter set’ was selected from the range of values. For the soil conditions investigated, the HF assimilation results are better than the open‐loop results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微细浸染型金矿床地质特征及其在河南的找矿方向

本文在对微细浸染型金矿床的地质及地球化学特征和成矿条件进行综合分析的基础上 ,对省内该类型金矿床的特点和成矿地质条件进行了分析和对比 ,指出了省内寻找该类型金矿床的找矿方向。