砂土质隧道围岩内摩擦系数的试验研究

砂土的内摩擦系数 与砂土质围岩稳定性有直接的关系。从影响砂土质围岩坑道稳定性因素及围岩稳定性分级的角度出发,探讨了与砂土质隧道围岩稳定性相关的内摩擦系数 的影响因素,发现砂土的细粒( 0.075 mm)含量对其有较显著的影响,二者呈负相关;砂土相对密实度 并非完全是越大而内摩擦系数 也越大,还与细粒含量及软硬状态有关;采用细粒含水率而不是砂土含水率的方法来评定潮湿砂土的 的影响是较为合理的方法,并总结了细粒含水率对 的影响规律。     

吹填细砂软弱地基处理试验研究

结合实际工程情况,针对吹填细砂及下卧软黏土地基的工程性质,对强夯-降水联合法和无填料振冲法结合整体塑料排水板加固此类地基的适用性进行了试验研究。在试验的基础上,确定了振冲施工工艺的振冲间距、上拔间距等振冲大面积施工参数,同时分析了强夯过程中下卧黏性土中孔隙水压力的增长消散过程及影响因素,得到了一些有益的结论,对类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。     

The evolution of continental roots in numerical thermo-chemical mantle convection models including differentiation by partial melting

Incorporating upper mantle differentiation through decompression melting in a numerical mantle convection model, we demonstrate that a compositionally distinct root consisting of depleted peridotite can grow and remain stable during a long period of secular cooling. Our modeling results show that in a hot convecting mantle partial melting will produce a compositional layering in a relatively short time of about 50 Ma. Due to secular cooling mantle differentiation finally stops before 1 Ga. The resulting continental root remains stable on a billion year time scale due to the combined effects of its intrinsically lower density and temperature-dependent rheology. Two different parameterizations of the melting phase-diagram are used in the models. The results indicate that during the Archaean melting occurred on a significant scale in the deep regions of the upper mantle, at pressures in excess of 15 GPa. The compositional depths of continental roots extend to 400 km depending on the potential temperature and the type of phase-diagram parameterization used in the model. The results reveal a strong correlation between lateral variations of temperature and the thickness of the continental root. This shows that cold regions in cratons are stabilized by a thick depleted root.     

含煤地层中一种树根结构体的成因及意义

根据岩石块体的结构特征研究和测试分析,剖析了含煤地层中发育的一种锥形岩石－树根结构体的成因。它是地质历史中,树木伞状根系所维系的土体,在树木的自重荷载和主干根系生长的相互挤压作用下与外围土体的差异压实造成的,换言之,它又是一种在生物作用影响下形成的沉积结构或沉积构造,与其它沉积构造相比,树根结构体具有更好的岩层示序意义,含煤地层树根结构体的发育,标志着聚煤时期沼泽内复杂的沉积环境,地貌形态以及微地     

兰家网一带变形构造特征

辉发河断裂带的朝阳镇—黑石段以北地区广泛发育不同型式的褶皱及断裂,这些褶皱及断裂规律地沿北东向展布,显示着一种特殊的构造样式。本文认为这种特殊的构造样式是逆冲推覆构造运动的反映,并提出兰家网一带为吉昌—磐石逆冲褶皱推覆构造带根带的新认识。     

Multi-temporal relations between runoff and sediment load based on variable structure cointegration theory

Microscopic and macroscopic multi-temporal correlations between runoff and sediment load were analyzed to reveal the relations between them in the source region of the Yellow River using the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise method (CEEMDAN) and cointegration theory. Subsequently, multi-temporal models of runoff and sediment load with structural breaks were developed. The results revealed the following points. (1) The runoff and sediment load relations differed at multi-time scales. Multi-temporal cointegration could reveal the relation between runoff and sediment load at micro scales. (2) A comparison of the original model, composite model 1, and composite model 2 revealed that the multi-temporal cointegration model is better than the original model. (3) The variable structure cointegration model of the runoff and sediment load relation had the highest simulation accuracy, and the smallest average relative error for the simulated runoff was 7.82%. Composite model 2 could more accurately reflect the long-term equilibrium and short-term fluctuating relations between the runoff and sediment load in the source region of the Yellow River.     

Potentials and limitations of modelling vertical distributions of root water uptake of an Austrian pine forest on a sandy soil

Root water uptake patterns are often studied with simulation models of the unsaturated soil water flow, as they are difficult to measure directly. Calibration of these models is not straightforward and causes uncertainties in simulated uptake distributions. In this paper we study how uncertainties in the calibration of the SWIF model affect uncertainty intervals in simulated uptake patterns of an Austrian pine stand (Pinus nigra var. nigra) on a sandy soil. After calibrating and validating SWIF with a large data set of more than 125 000 measured soil water contents over a three year period, uncertainty ranges in simulated soil water dynamics and root water uptake distributions were estimated with a Monte Carlo analysis. In general, uncertainties in root uptake patterns were small (typically <2 10⁻⁴ m³ m⁻³ day⁻¹) and were higher for trees with a shallow rooting system (0·8 m) than for trees with a deep rooting system (2·5 m). Uncertainties arose mainly from uncertainties in simulated soil water fluxes and from variations in the reduction of uptake during periods of drought. Uncertainties in soil water contents were far higher (typically 0·01 m³ m⁻³) than uncertainties in uptake, illustrating that uncertainties in uptake parameters and those in the distribution of water uptake hardly affect the modelling of soil water dynamics. Root water uptake models should therefore be validated against measured uptake distributions, which can be determined on sandy soils during dry periods with a high water use when soil fluxes are negligible to uptake. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wet season fine sediment dynamics on the inner shelf of the Great Barrier Reef

Fine sediment dynamics were recorded in February 2007 in coastal waters of the Great Barrier Reef during a moderate flood of the Tully River. An estuarine circulation prevailed on the inner continental shelf with a surface seaward velocity peaking at 0.1 m s⁻¹ and a near-bottom landward flow peaking at 0.05 m s⁻¹. Much of the riverine mud originating from eroded soils was exported onto a 10 km wide coastal strip during the rising stage of the river flood in the first flush. In coastal waters, suspended sediment concentration peaked at 0.2 kg m⁻³ near the surface and 0.4 kg m⁻³ at 10 m depth during calm weather, and 0.5 kg m⁻³ near the surface and 2 kg m⁻³ at 10 m depth during strong winds when bottom sediment was resuspended. Diurnal irradiance at 4 m depth was almost zero for 10 days. The sedimentation rate averaged 254 (±33) g m⁻² d⁻¹ over the 28-day study period, and concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients originating from the river were high. The observed low irradiance would have prevented coral photosynthesis, while the sedimentation rate would have been lethal to some juvenile corals. The mud may ultimately be minnowed out over long periods, however, flushing of the mud occurs at time scales much longer than the flood event and the mud is likely to affect coral physiology for significant periods after the flood has subsided. The data show the need to better control erosion on farmed land for the conservation of coral reefs on the inner shelf of the Great Barrier Reef.     

基于多源融合资料分析北京一次超强城市热岛三维结构特征

城市热岛效应是人类活动对大气系统影响的最主要体现之一。本文利用(Space and Time Multiscale Analysis System, STMAS)时空多尺度分析系统,融合了地面自动站、雷达、卫星等多源高时空分辨率观测资料,建立了城市热岛三维数据集。并在此基础上统计了2021年北京夏季的城市热岛强度变化特征,选取其中一次超强城市热岛个例(2021年6月11—12日)详细分析了其三维精细化结构特征。结果表明：(1)本个例中,夜间郊区近地面迅速降温,形成逆温层;而城市近地面降温缓慢,使得近地面城郊温差不断增大。(2)本次超强城市热岛三维温度场暖心结构在地面和990 hPa以下低空等压面清晰可见,风场距平呈现气旋性环流特征并在低空从郊区向城区辐合,引起可到达中高空的上升运动,说明城市热岛效应有增强垂直环流的作用。     

省地气象台精细化天气预报系统

应用先进的中尺度数值模式和业务平台,集成并行计算、可视化工具等软件,为我国地方、军队等气象业务提供一套切实可行的精细化天气预报系统。经检验系统的24 h晴雨预报准确率可以达80%以上,对暴雨的预报也有一定的参考价值。应用在海浪预报中,可以显著提高预报准确率。系统的设计有利于基层台站的实际业务应用和模式本地化处理,无论从硬件要求,还是软件的应用和预报水平检验,系统都适合省地台站开展精细化预报业务。