2017年西藏米林MS6.9地震发震构造初探

2017年11月18日在西藏米林发生了M_S6.9地震,目前尚未发现地表破裂带,发震构造尚不明确.震源机制解表明该次地震为逆冲型地震.精定位结果显示余震集中在加拉白垒东北坡上一个NW走向的长约36 km、宽约8 km的狭长条带之内.余震条带的走向及长度严格受到派乡构造岩片NE边界走向及长度的控制,垂直于该条带的地震剖面清晰地揭示出一条倾向NE的低倾角逆冲断层面,结合震源机制解及GPS同震位移场的已有结果,初步推断它可能就是发震断层面.雅鲁藏布江大拐弯上游加拉-米林河段两岸的湖相基座阶地面和山脊线在南迦巴瓦、加拉白垒脚下都发生了倾向SW的翘起变形,发震断层面构成了其上盘加拉白垒、南迦巴瓦强烈隆升区与其下盘地貌发生翘起变形的弱隆升区的分界面,推断加拉白垒峰沿着这一断层面不断地逆冲、隆升,以此来调节其两侧的不均匀挤出,而下盘近断层处的褶皱、拖曳等作用逐渐造成了阶地面、山脊线的翘起、弯曲变形.基于夷平面的区域变形分析,认为雅江缝合带作为主干断裂带从整体上控制着印度板块与欧亚板块在东构造结地区的碰撞-挤压格局.印度板块东北犄角的强烈顶撞引起了东构造结附近强烈的断块运动,嘉黎断裂带北侧的地壳显著增厚,主夷平面随之发生裂解.与此同时,由于碰撞带来的强烈挤压,派乡构造岩片、多雄拉变质穹隆沿着缝合带大拐弯内侧不均匀地挤出,南迦巴瓦、加拉白垒随之隆升.此次的米林地震仅仅是该不均匀挤出过程所引发的一次具体的事件,是派乡构造岩片内部的一条次级断层发生的一次逆冲运动造成的.此外,紧邻此次余震条带的南迦巴瓦NEE边界以及SE边界是一个潜在的地震空区,其未来地震危险性值得关注.

     

基于密集流动地震台网资料研究古冶—滦县地区上地壳各向异性

自唐山地区发生7.8级地震以来, 古冶—滦县地区一直为唐山地震的余震频发区.该地区断裂和地质构造十分复杂, 这些断裂的破碎程度有哪些差异?这是地震学家所关心的问题.本文使用在古冶—滦县地区布设的密集流动地震台网2020年8月—2021年7月近一年的波形记录, 采用剪切波分裂原理通过对古冶—滦县地区上地壳各向异性研究来揭示这些问题.得到以下结论: (1)古冶—滦县地区快剪切波平均偏振方向为NE86.2°±27.8°, 慢剪切波平均时间延迟为2.37±1.25 ms·km^-1.快剪切波偏振第一优势方向为ENE向, 与区域背景主压应力方向一致; 第二优势方向为NE向, 该方向揭示了研究区域断裂主要以NE向为发育的构造意义.(2)唐山断裂带附近台站快剪切波偏振方向均显示出NE向的第二优势方向, 与断裂走向一致.断裂附近台站慢剪切波时间延迟较高, 各台站时间延迟差异较小, 表明区域各向异性程度较强, 断裂沿NE向破碎程度较强且破碎均匀.(3)滦县—乐亭断裂和卢龙断裂附近台站快剪切波偏振方向显示出复杂性, 表明两条活动断裂的交汇在地壳内部产生了复杂的地壳破裂裂隙结构.断裂附近台站慢剪切波时间延迟较高, 各台站时间延迟差异较大, 表明区域各向异性和断裂破碎程度较强, 且破碎不均匀.(4)丰台—野鸡坨断裂和榛子镇断裂附近台站快剪切波偏振方向与区域主压应力方向接近, 慢剪切波时间延迟最小, 表明断裂对其附近台站快剪切波偏振方向影响大不, 区域各向异性和断裂破碎程度较弱, 断裂内部裂隙可能存在愈合的现象.另外, 本文还针对1976年唐山M_S7.8地震后在唐山断裂带上出现的尖端效应是否对唐山断裂带北段应力场产生了影响做出了讨论.本研究结果不仅反映了断裂分布的复杂程度与地壳各向异性的关系, 还揭示了地壳各向异性在不同破碎程度断裂上的差异.

     

五轮山井田初期采区矿井充水因素分析

通过对五轮山井田水文地质条件、地表水及地下水动态特征及井巷开拓过程中反映的水文地质资料的研究与分析,认为正常情况下,五轮山井田各含水层对煤层开采不构成直接威胁,浅部煤层开采时局部与第四系孔隙水会有直接的水力联系,矿井田初期开采防范的重点是老窑积水和断层导水,其造成的灾害可能是毁灭性的。     

独山子-安集海断裂单基线双分量斜跨断层监测研究

利用与断层走向斜交的、可以同时观测到垂直和水平距离变化的单基线跨断层观测仪器组对北天山地区的独山子—安集海断裂的现今运动特征进行了监测研究。结合独山子—安集海断裂10多年来的观测数据,求取了该断裂在无震蠕滑状态下10a来的运动特征和滑动速率,得到：独山子—安集海断裂的现今运动性质为逆冲左旋运动,断层垂直运动的速率为0．1056mm／a,水平左旋滑动速率为0．0123mm／a,断层以倾向运动为主,反映出该地区地壳变形以近南北向缩短为主。     

Aegir脊及邻区重磁异常及构造特征

为研究北极地区挪威海内Aegir脊及邻区断裂构造特征,为北极地区油气勘探提供方向,在斯克里普斯海洋研究所发布的研究区重力数据（网格数据）基础上填充最新船测数据,对已有重磁资料进行异常分离、滑动平均和重磁场边界识别。目前,研究区的特征断裂和构造单元划分尚不清楚。根据异常极值带、异常带走向、异常梯度带变化程度等,对研究区进行了断裂识别和构造单元划分。研究表明：重磁异常特征呈NNE—NW—NE向展布,重力异常呈现高低分带,反映出该区基底隆坳相间的格架。根据重磁异常与断裂对应关系,识别出4个构造走向和7条主要断裂,划分出Mohns脊、扬马延微陆块、东扬马延断裂带、西扬马延断裂带、Aegir脊、东扬马延深海盆地和挪威深海盆地等7个构造单元。     

Geomorphic response to an active transpressive regime: a case study along the Chaman strike‐slip fault,western Pakistan

The Chaman left‐lateral strike‐slip fault bounds the rigid Indian plate boundary at the western end of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen and is marked by contrasting topographic relief. Deformed landforms along the fault provide an excellent record for understanding this actively evolving intra‐continental strike‐slip fault. The geomorphic response of an active transpessional stretch of the Chaman fault was studied using digital elevation model (DEM) data integrated with Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Visible and Near Infrared/Short Wave Infrared (VNIR/SWIR) and images from GeoEye‐1. Geologic and geomorphic mapping helped in reconstructing the Late Quaternary landscape history of this transpessional strand of the Chaman strike‐slip fault and the associated Spinatizha thrust fault in western Pakistan. Topographic analysis of a part of the transpression (the thrust bounded Roghani ridge) revealed northward growth of the Spinatizha fault with the presence of three water gaps and two corresponding wind gaps. Geomorphic indices including stream length‐gradient index, mountain front sinuosity, valley floor width to valley height ratios, and entrenchment of recent alluvial fan deposits were used to define the lateral growth and direction of propagation of the Spinatizha fault. Left‐lateral displacement along Chaman fault and uplift along the Spinatizha fault was defined using topographic analysis of the Roghani ridge and geomorphic mapping of an impressive alluvial fan, the Bostankaul fan. The landforms and structures record slip partitioning along the Indian plate boundary, and account for the convergence resulting from the difference in the Chaman fault azimuth and orientation of the velocity vector of the Indian plate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

莱州湾地区郯庐断裂带的构造特征及其新生代演化

郯庐断裂带中段分东西两支从莱州湾进入渤海,在莱州湾地区的构造特征与演化历史一直鲜为人知。通过对横穿研究区的两条地震测线的解释和分析,揭示了该区郯庐断裂带中段在研究区的构造差异,研究表明郯庐断裂带东西两支在该研究区表现出不同的断裂性质,西支断裂表现为正断层,东支断裂表现为走滑断层。郯庐断裂是本研究区的主控断裂,通过对本地区地层形态及其组合、断层的剖面形态和空间展布规律的深入研究,揭示了郯庐断裂带在莱州湾地区新生代以来的构造演化历史:古新世—始新世的伸展阶段、渐新世—中新世早期的挤压和右行走滑阶段、中新世中晚期至今的稳定发展阶段,这几个不同时期的演化阶段主要受太平洋板块运动的方向和速度变化的控制。     

Sampling procedure for small-scale heterogeneities (crossbedding) for reservoir modelling

Sampling permeability from individual laminae in crossbedded rocks is very well possible by making use of a so-called probe permeameter. The methodology and calculation of permeabilities from the output of this instrument are fairly well-established. However, what is hardly established is a sampling strategy that guarantees adequate representation of permeability contrast between laminae. Especially so, because finer foreset and bottomset are difficult to sample, yet their permeabilities are critical to fluid flow through a crossbed. Therefore we propose to systematically sample laminae. To this end we suggest a sampling strategy that is adapted to the heterogeneity under study, namely to the thickness of the finer foreset.     

不同形式的断层土壤气集气装置对气氡观测结果影响的实验研究

任何一项观测都要在一定的条件下进行,不同的观测条件会产生不同的观测结果。在断层土壤气实际观测中,由于观测装置的集气室安装方式不同形成了不同形式的集气装置,而不同形式的集气装置会对气氡观测结果产生不同影响。本文就不同形式的断层土壤气集气装置对气氡观测结果的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,集气室滞留体积对观测结果影响较大,集气室不可保留滞留体积,应控制导气管的长度和粗细,尽量减少导气管产生的滞留体积对观测结果造成影响。集气室死体积对观测结果影响不大,可保留集气室死体积。模拟观测和数字化观测应使用不同模式的集气装置。     

Controls on reservoir heterogeneity of tight sand oil reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area,southwest Ordos Basin,China: Implications for reservoir quality prediction and oil accumulation

Compared to conventional reservoirs, pore structure and diagenetic alterations of unconventional tight sand oil reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is a major tight-oil-bearing formation in the Ordos Basin, providing an opportunity to study the factors that control reservoir heterogeneity and the heterogeneity of oil accumulation in tight oil sandstones.The Chang 8 tight oil sandstone in the study area is comprised of fine-to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir quality is extremely heterogeneous due to large heterogeneities in the depositional facies, pore structures and diagenetic alterations. Small throat size is believed to be responsible for the ultra-low permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Most reservoirs with good reservoir quality, larger pore-throat size, lower pore-throat radius ratio and well pore connectivity were deposited in high-energy environments, such as distributary channels and mouth bars. For a given depositional facies, reservoir quality varies with the bedding structures. Massive- or parallel-bedded sandstones are more favorable for the development of porosity and permeability sweet zones for oil charging and accumulation than cross-bedded sandstones.Authigenic chlorite rim cementation and dissolution of unstable detrital grains are two major diagenetic processes that preserve porosity and permeability sweet zones in oil-bearing intervals. Nevertheless, chlorite rims cannot effectively preserve porosity-permeability when the chlorite content is greater than a threshold value of 7%, and compaction played a minor role in porosity destruction in the situation. Intensive cementation of pore-lining chlorites significantly reduces reservoir permeability by obstructing the pore-throats and reducing their connectivity. Stratigraphically, sandstones within 1 m from adjacent sandstone-mudstone contacts are usually tightly cemented (carbonate cement > 10%) with low porosity and permeability (lower than 10% and 0.1 mD, respectively). The carbonate cement most likely originates from external sources, probably derived from the surrounding mudstone. Most late carbonate cements filled the previously dissolved intra-feldspar pores and the residual intergranular pores, and finally formed the tight reservoirs.The petrophysical properties significantly control the fluid flow capability and the oil charging/accumulation capability of the Chang 8 tight sandstones. Oil layers usually have oil saturation greater than 40%. A pore-throat radius of less than 0.4 μm is not effective for producible oil to flow, and the cut off of porosity and permeability for the net pay are 7% and 0.1 mD, respectively.