Response of Microbial Communities in Soil to Multi-level Warming in a Highland Barley System of the Lhasa River

No studies have examined the effect of experimental warming on the microbial biomass and community composition of soil in agricultural ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thus it is unclear whether the influences of experimental warming on microbial communities in soil are related to warming magnitude in croplands on this Plateau. This study performed warming experiment (control, low- and high-level) in a highland barley system of the Lhasa River in May 2014 to examine the correlation between the response of microbial communities in soil to warming and warming magnitude. Topsoil samples (0-10 and 10-20 cm) were collected on September 14, 2014. Experimental warming at both low and high levels significantly increased soil temperature by 1.02 ℃ and 1.59 ℃, respectively at the depth of 15 cm. Phospho lipid fatty acid (PLFA) method was used to determine the microbial community in soil. The low-level experimental warming did not significantly affect the soil’s total PLFA, fungi, bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), actinomycetes, gram-positive bacteria (G⁺), gram-negative bacteria (G^-), protozoa, the ratio of fungi to bacteria (F/B ratio), and ratio of G⁺ to G^- (G⁺/G^- ratio) at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The low-level experimental warming also did not significantly alter the composition of microbial community in soil at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The high-level experimental warming significantly increased total PLFA by 74.4%, fungi by 78.0%, bacteria by 74.0%, AMF by 66.9%, actinomycetes by 81.4%, G⁺ by 67.0% and G^- by 74.4% at the 0-10 cm depth rather than at 10-20 cm depth. The high-level experimental warming significantly altered microbial community composition in soil at the 0-10 cm depth rather than at 10-20 cm depth. Our findings suggest that the response of microbial communities in soil to warming varied with warming magnitudes in the highland barley system of the Lhasa River.     

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)六个地理群体肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸的比较分析

本文对广西钦州(Gq)、福建霞浦(Fx)、浙江温州(Zw)、浙江三门(Zs)、浙江宁海(Zn)、浙江慈溪(Zc)等6个野生群体拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)肌肉进行了氨基酸及脂肪酸分析。共测定出19种游离氨基酸和26种脂肪酸。氨基酸含量在80.94—191.39mg/g之间, Gq为最高;总脂肪酸含量在7.97—11.38mg/g之间,Zn为最高。主要氨基酸为甘氨酸和精氨酸;主要脂肪酸为C20:5n3(EPA),占总脂肪酸含量的平均值为(22.47±5.84)%。各群体风味氨基酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,占总氨基酸比例(TDAA/TFAA)和总脂肪酸比例(PUFA/TFA)分别为(53.62±5.43)%和(59.27±5.29)%。Zs群体的必需氨基酸含量及C22:6n3(DHA)均为最高。主成分分析结果表明:各群体的氨基酸与脂肪酸组成与含量相似性与地理距离分布具有一定的相关性,特别是Gq群体,在氨基酸与脂肪酸的分类中与其他群体区分比较明显。各群体风味氨基酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的聚类分析结果均表明:Zw、Zc与Gq群体较为接近,具有较强的甜味; Fx、Zn与Zs群体较为接近,具有较强的香味及不饱和脂肪酸营养价值。     

不同氮浓度条件下红色赤潮藻脂肪酸含量及组成特征

在不同氮浓度条件下对红色赤潮藻(Akashiwosanguinea)进行了一次性培养,研究了其生长过程中脂肪酸含量及组成变化。结果表明:红色赤潮藻脂肪酸含量及组成受初始氮浓度及生长阶段的影响。低氮处理组(0—25μmol/L)脂肪酸含量[(150.02±54.84)—(166.83±46.46)mg/gdw]显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),883μmol/L组最低,约为(86.70±5.66)mg/gdw;各培养组脂肪酸含量随着培养时间的延长而增加,稳定期时脂肪酸含量最高,指数生长前期含量最低。红色赤潮藻含28种脂肪酸,以C16:0、C18:1、C20:5ω3(EPA)和C22:6ω3(DHA)为主,且DHA相对含量较高,最高可占总脂肪酸含量的30.46%。随着初始氮浓度的增加,红色赤潮藻饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在总脂肪酸中所占比例下降,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)所占比例升高。在红色赤潮藻生长过程中,MUFA相对含量在稳定期时较高,而PUFA相对含量在指数生长前期较高。研究结果可为进一步揭示红色赤潮藻赤潮应对环境胁迫的生理响应机制提供依据。     

高体革鯻幼鱼肌肉营养成分分析

检测了高体革鯻(Scortum bacoo)幼鱼肌肉营养组成,结果表明:高体革鯻粗蛋白质量分数为17.77%,粗脂肪质量分数为3.42%,水解氨基酸总质量分数为15.71%,其中必需氨基酸质量分数为7.50%,占氨基酸总量的47.74%,鲜味氨基酸总质量分数为5.46%,占氨基酸总量的34.75%,必需氨基酸指数为88.60。说明高体革鯻具有较高的营养价值和养殖价值。     

Effects of nutritional factors on the growth and heterotrophic eicosapentaenoic acid production of diatom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nitzschia laevis</Emphasis>

The effects of several nutritional factors on the growth and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production of diatom Nitzschia laevis were studied. 4 LDM (quadrupled concentration of the nutrient salt) was the optimal concentration of nutrient salt for the growth and EPA production of N. laevis. The growth of N. laevis was inhibited when the glucose concentration was either lower than 10 gL⁻¹ or higher than 15 gL⁻¹. Both sodium nitrate and urea were good nitrogen sources for the growth and EPA production, while ammonium chloride seriously decreased the dry cell weight (DW) and the EPA content. Silicate seriously influenced the growth of N. laevis. The maximum DW of 2.34 gL⁻¹ was obtained in the presence of 150 mgL⁻¹ Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O. The EPA content remained almost the same when the silicate concentration was lower than 150 mgL⁻¹; however, higher silicate concentrations resulted in a steady decrease of EPA content. Low medium salinity (⩽29) did not seem to influence the DW of N. laevis, and high salinity resulted in a decrease of DW. The highest EPA content (4.08%) and yield (110 mgL⁻¹) were observed at the salinity of 36 and 29, respectively.     

海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)根系低分子量有机酸对根际沉积物重金属生物有效性的影响

应用等离子光谱仪(ICP)与高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分别对海三棱藨草根际沉积物中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd)不同化学形态含量和植物根系分泌物中常见低分子量有机酸进行了季节跟踪测定,分析了有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、甲酸和乳酸)含量与重金属化学形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态)的季节相关性。结果表明,柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸含量与Cu和Pb的除残渣态外的其它4种形态含量呈正相关性,表明其能提高Cu和Pb生物有效性,与Zn的所有形态含量呈负相关性,降低了生物有效性;酒石酸、甲酸和乳酸含量与Cu和Pb的可交换态含量呈负相关性,而与其它形态含量相关性不明显,降低了生物有效性。与Zn的除残渣态外的其它4种形态含量呈正相关性,提高其生物有效性。而上述所有有机酸与Cd的各种化学形态相关性不明显。表明其对Cd的生物有效性影响不大。     

不同氧饱和度环境刀额新对虾幼体对微藻脂肪酸在沉积物中降解的影响研究

以中国近海典型赤潮藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为研究对象,考察不同氧饱和度环境下底栖甲壳动物对有机物在沉积物中降解的影响。通过对比不同氧饱和度培养模拟体系中中肋骨条藻在有/无刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)幼体活动背景下的降解过程,追踪中肋骨条藻中4种主要脂肪酸(C14:0,C16:0,C16:1(7)和C20:5)在100%,50%,25%和0%的氧饱和度体系中的降解行为。结果表明,100%氧饱和度体系中刀额新对虾幼体的活动能明显加快脂肪酸在沉积物中的降解(约为对照组的1.2~1.7倍),特别是对饱和脂肪酸C14:0和C16:0的作用最为明显;而在50%氧饱和度的缺氧体系中,在前三天的培养中,刀额新对虾幼体的活动逐渐减弱直至最终死亡,死亡之前的扰动增加了有机物在次表层沉积物中的埋藏并降低了其降解速率。研究还发现,在100%氧饱和度体系中,刀额新对虾幼体的扰动作用促进大量脂肪酸转移到次表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒中;而在50%氧饱和度体系中,这种转移作用明显变小。对于氧饱和度25%和0%的环境,刀额新对虾幼体在模拟培养开始后迅速死亡,对有机物质降解几乎没有影响。     

海洋微藻脂肪酸组成的比较研究

于１９９５￣１９９７年在中国科学院海洋研究所培养２０种海洋微藻,采用Ｂｌｉｇｈ－Ｄｙｅｒ法和气相色谱法进行脂肪酸组成的比较研究。结果表明,除个别藻外,海洋微藻的总脂含量均超过其干重的１０％,每一纲藻种都有其特征脂肪酸或几种脂肪酸的组合作为其化学分类的标记：绿藻纲中除小球藻的２０：５（ｎ－３）含量较高以外,一般含有较高的１６：４（ｎ－３）,不含２２：６（ｎ－３）;硅藻纲的１６：１（ｎ－７）含量高于１     

低盐度突变对中国对虾仔虾存活率的影响

１９９６年３－４月在山东日照市代家村对虾育苗场采集中国对虾仔虾,采用实验室培养的方法,研究中国对虾仔虾对不同低盐度突变的幅度及速率的适应能力,并对在不同盐度突变后仍能存活的仔虾体内的１８种氨基酸、１４种脂肪酸及５种维生素的含量作了分析比较。结果表明,当降盐的工范围为３／ｄ－５／ｄ时,部分仔虾可在盐度为零的淡水中存活数天。盐度的变化对仔虾体内氨基酸,脂肪酸和维生素的含量均有一定影响。