螺旋CT对局灶性脂肪肝的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT对局灶性脂肪肝的诊断及鉴别诊断价值.材料及方法对43例经穿刺及治疗证实的病例进行平扫及增强扫描,就其形态、密度、分布进行分析.结果病例大部分呈叶或段的均一分布及亚段分布,各占44%和26%.其程度为轻度9例,占21%.中度23例,占56%.重度11例,占23%.病灶呈片状,病灶内血管走行自然,无占位效应.结论螺旋CT对局灶性脂肪肝的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)发育早期的脂肪酸组成变化研究

采用GC/MS法分析了条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)的未受精卵、胚胎、仔鱼、稚鱼及幼鱼各阶段的脂肪酸组成特点及含量变动,旨在研究条石鲷发育早期脂肪酸的组成和变化规律。共检测到28种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)13种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)7种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)8种。结果表明:(1)鱼卵中主要脂肪酸依次为C16:0、C22:6(n-3)(DHA)、C20:5(n-3)(EPA)和C18:1(n-9)(油酸);(2)胚胎及内源性营养阶段,主要利用C16:0、C18:0以及C18:1作为能量来源,EPA和DHA被优先保存下来;(3)摄食轮虫和桡足类AA、EPA、DHA含量显著提高,摄食卤虫则C18:1(n-9)、C18:2(n-6)及C18:3(n-3)含量迅速增加;(4)在稚鱼期必需脂肪酸AA、DHA含量不足,而EPA过高,可能引起细胞膜磷脂中DHA与EPA比例失衡,出现稚鱼"死亡高峰"。     

江蓠中类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)成分分析及提取研究

利用高效液相色谱技术对江蓠(Gracilariaceae)中类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)进行了分析,并采用响应面分析法对MAAs物质的提取工艺进行优化研究。根据正交旋转组合试验设计原理,采用四因素五水平的响应面分析法,依据回归分析确定各因素的显著程度及最优工艺条件。结果表明,江蓠中MAAs的主要成分为porphyra-334;提取温度、浸提时间、甲醇浓度及液固比为影响MAAs物质提取的显著因素。通过多元二次回归拟合模型响应面分析,得到最优工艺条件:提取温度48.12℃,液固比34∶1,甲醇浓度25%,浸提时间1.85 h,优化条件下预测提取率为4.943 mg/g;试验值为4.893 mg/g,试验值与预测值吻合较好,响应面回归模型的准确性得到验证。     

Effect of nutrient supply on photosynthesis and pigmentation to short-term stress (UV radiation) in Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta)

The effects of increased photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), UV radiation (UVR), and nutrient supply on photosynthetic activity, pigment content, C:N ratio and biomass yield were studied in tank cultivated Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta). Electron transport rate (ETR) and biliprotein content were higher under high nutrient supply (HNS), obtained from fishpond effluents, compared to low nutrient supply (LNS), in contrast to mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) dynamic. The high MAA content in LNS-algae could be explained by higher UVR penetration in the thallus and by the competition for the use of nutrients with other processes. Effective quantum yield decreased after short-term exposure to high irradiance whereas full recovery in shade was produced only under slightly heat shock. UVA radiation provoked an additional decrease in photosynthesis under high water temperature. UVB radiation reversed UVA’s negative effect mainly with HNS. Results support that nutrient-sufficiency help G. conferta to resist environmental changes as short-term temperature increase.     

Origin and biochemical cycling of particulate nitrogen in the Mandovi estuary

Mandovi estuary is a tropical estuary strongly influenced by the southwest monsoon. In order to understand, sources and fate of particulate organic nitrogen, suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from various locations, was analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), δ¹³C_POC, total hydrolysable amino acid enantiomers (l- and d- amino acids) concentration and composition. δ¹³C_POC values were depleted (−32 to −25‰) during the monsoon and enriched (−29.6 to −21‰) in the pre-monsoon season implying that OM was derived from terrestrial and marine sources during the former and latter season, respectively. The biological indicators such as C/N ratio, d-amino acids, THAA yields and degradation indices (DI) indicate that the particulate organic matter (POM) was relatively more degraded during the monsoon season. Conversely, during the pre-monsoon, the biological indicators indicated the presence of relatively fresh and labile POM derived from autochthonous sources. Amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, serine, arginine, and threonine in monsoon and glutamic acid, glycine, valine, lysine, and isoleucine in pre-monsoon were relatively abundant. Presence of bacterial biomarker, d-amino acids in the SPM of the estuary during both the seasons signifies important contribution of bacteria to the estuarine detrital ON pool. Based on d-amino acid yields, bacterial OM accounted for 16-34% (23.0 ± 6.7%) of POC and 29-75% (47.9 ± 18.7%) of PON in monsoon, and 30-78% (50.0 ± 15%) of POC and 34-79% (51.2 ± 13.3%) of the PON in pre-monsoon in the estuary. Substantial contribution of bacterial-N to PON indicates nitrogen (N) enrichment on terrestrial POM during the monsoon season. Transport of terrestrial POM enriched with bacterial OM to the coastal waters is expected to influence coastal productivity and ecosystem functioning during the monsoon season.     

Molecular weight and chemical reactivity of dissolved trace metals (Cd,Cu, Ni) in surface waters from the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico

It is generally assumed that estuarine mixing is continuous for metals from terrestrial sources, gradually decreasing towards the open ocean endmember. Here we show that, chemical reactivity, determined by ion exchange method, and molecular weight distributions, obtained using cross-flow ultrafiltration, of dissolved Cd, Cu, and Ni in the surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico varied systematically across the estuarine mixing zone of the Mississippi River. Most size or chemical affinity fractions of dissolved metals (<0.4 μm) were linearly related to salinity (10.8–36.6), suggesting that the distribution of these elements was mainly controlled by continuous mixing processes. Dissolved concentrations across the salinity gradient ranged for Cd: 87–187 pM; Cu: 1.4–18.3 nM; and Ni: 2.6–18.8 nM, with highest values near the Mississippi river mouth, and lowest concentrations in a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico. Dissolved Cd was mostly present as a truly dissolved (<10 kDa, 97 ± 1%) and cationic fraction (Chelex-100 extractable, 94 ± 4%). A novel observation across the estuarine mixing zone was that colloidal metal concentrations were identical to either inert (for Cu, Ni) or AMPG-labile anionic (Cu, Cd) fractions. The difference in behavior between Cu and the other two metals might indicate differences in the biopolymeric nature of the metal–organic chelates. In particular, the anionic-organic Cd fractions accounted for just 3 ± 1%, on average. However, for Cu, it was 24 ± 4%, and for Ni, it was 9 ± 6%. The fractions of the total dissolved metal fractions that were “inert” averaged 31 ± 10% for Cu and 29 ± 12% for Ni. Small but noticeable amounts (6 ± 3%) of dissolved inert Cd fractions were also present. Apparent non-local transport processes, likely associated with cross-shelf sediment resuspension processes, could have been responsible for the relatively high concentrations of ‘inert’ and ‘anionic’ metal fractions in high salinity coastal waters, and accounting for the persistence of metals bound to humic substances in the Gulf of Mexico.     

Metal binding by humic acids in recent sediments from the SW Iberian coastal area

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Mn and Co were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry both in recent sediments from different locations of the Huelva littoral (SW Iberian Peninsula) and in their humic acid (HA) fractions in order to evaluate distribution and binding capacity of those trace elements to HAs. In addition, elemental composition (C, N, S) and δ¹³C values were determined to appraise the sources of organic matter in the area. This study involved the comparison of selected samples taken from different environments including the estuary of the Guadiana River, the main fluvial system of the region, the Tinto and Odiel estuary system and the proximal shelf. Significant positive correlations were found among Cu, Zn, As and Pb in bulk sediments, suggesting a common origin of all of those elements: the mining activities and pyrite deposits located hinterland. On the other hand, results for Cr, Co and Ni pointed to the basic rocks from the low basin of the Guadiana River as their main source. Elemental (C, N) and isotopic (δ¹³C) composition of sediments indicated a significant contribution of autochthonous plankton in coastal shelf sediments, whereas estuarine and riverine sediments showed a major contribution of terrestrial biomass. Geochemical values for their corresponding HAs suggested a greater terrestrial contribution in the sedimentary OM of the coastal shelf sediments than in bulk sediments, which evidenced the influence of coastal currents and sediment fluxes. Humic acids sequester considerable amounts of Cu and Zn contributing to reduce the bioavailability of these contaminants.     

陕北地区动物骨骼的脂肪酸单体碳同位素分析

基于动物油脂的脂肪酸单体碳同位素模型开展古代样品的脂肪酸单体碳同位素分析可细化脂肪来源,有助于探究动物资源的加工利用、相关载体的使用功能及先民饮食策略,从而为古代人类的生活方式和古代社会的经济形态提供重要信息.目前该模型已得到国外诸多地区现代动物样品的验证,但其在中国的适用性尚不明晰.文章对陕北地区石峁遗址和高家洼遗址...     

城市纳污河流沉积物微生物群落结构特征

以南京市运粮河沉积物为研究对象,通过磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术分析了不同水期城市纳污河流沉积物微生物群落结构特征。结果表明:在不同的水期运粮河沉积物微生物量出现了显著差异,温度是导致微生物量在丰、平、枯三期出现显著差异的主要因素(P<0.05);在相同水期,营养物质含量高的地方对应着高的微生物量;16:0 iso、17:0 anteiso、15:0 iso这几种PLFA所指示的革兰氏阳性菌(G+)是影响运粮河沉积物微生物群落构成的主要菌落,导致沉积物微生物群落结构出现显著差异的环境因素是水期;单不饱和/支链脂肪酸比值可以作为反映水环境系统整体营养水平的指标,在C/N比值升高时微生物会将单不饱和脂肪酸转变成环丙基或者饱和脂肪酸以适应新的环境;PLFA含量比[c(i15:0)+c(i17:0)]/[c(a15:0)+c(a17:0)]可以作为指示水环境碳素含量的标志。