热带气旋对广州经济建设的影响及其减灾对策

着重分析热带气旋的活动规律,热带气旋灾害的气候特点以及对经济建设的影响.提出热带气旋的减灾对策:气象部门应建立热带气旋防灾减灾系统,加强卫星遥感技术在热带气旋灾害监测中的应用,积极开展气象工程服务;政府和社会应做好防御工程建设,制定和完善防御台风、暴雨等灾害的具体措施,积极发展保险事业,加强城郊防御热带气旋和宣传等防灾减灾工作.     

影响中国降水的热带气旋的气候特征分析

分析影响中国降水的热带气旋的气候特征表明,1951—2005年影响热带气旋的频数呈减少趋势,近10年其频数最小;近55年来影响热带气旋中超强台风的频数显著减少;5—11月是热带气旋影响中国的主要时期,7—9月为活跃期。影响热带气旋的源地主要有3个,源地存在明显的年代际和季节变化。影响热带气旋的路径随季节变化有明显的南北移动。影响热带气旋的影响期约为5.6个月,近55年其影响期呈缩短趋势,夏秋季的影响天数较长,冬春季较短。影响热带气旋频次的空间分布呈带状分布,由东南向西北递减,中国台湾省受热带气旋影响最频繁。影响热带气旋的年平均降水量自东南沿海向西北方向逐渐减少。     

2017年冬季海洋天气评述

2017年冬季（2017年12月—2018年2月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬度呈4波型。12月,亚洲中东部中高纬度环流经向度较大,有利于冷空气南下。2018年1月,西伯利亚冷高压较12月更强,冷空气自北向南影响我国近海。2月,冷空气活动减弱,有温带气旋入海并发展。我国近海出现了19次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程14次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程2次,冷空气与热带气旋共同影响的大风过程1次,热带气旋大风过程2次。2 m以上的海浪过程有19次,未出现2 m以上大浪的天数仅有10 d。我国近海出现6次比较明显的海雾过程,出雾区域在北部湾附近海域,出雾时间在夜间—早晨时段。西北太平洋和南海共生成4个台风。海面温度整体呈下降趋势。     

2020年7月两次入海江淮气旋爆发性与非爆发性发展特征对比分析

利用高时空分辨率的欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)对全球气候的第五代大气再分析数据集(European Re-Analyses 5, ERA5),对比分析了2020年7月淮河上游地区的两次江淮气旋过程,并结合海洋—大气—波浪—泥沙耦合模式(Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport modeling system, COAWST)进行敏感性试验,探讨同一气候尺度背景下,高低频大气环流形势和海气耦合作用对江淮气旋的影响。结果表明,低空环流形势的高频变化和海表温度的升高对气旋的大风影响和强度发展有重要作用。低空环流形势中,存在“气旋—反气旋—气旋”环流天气尺度波列,易造成气旋大风叠加增强;海气交互界面的高海表温度加热作用导致的感热和潜热释放通过气旋北部弯曲锋面强烈的上升运动,为气旋发展提供能量,促进气旋入海后爆发性增强。     

热带气旋各个要素对于海表面降温的影响

热带气旋的经过会引起海洋内部强烈的剪切,由剪切不稳定触发的强混合可以将温跃层的冷水卷挟上来,导致海洋混合层加深和海表面温度的下降。本文利用3-Dimensional Price Weller and Pinkel(3DPWP)模式模拟了不同热带气旋下的海表面降温,分别研究了热带气旋各个要素(气旋的强度,最大风速半径和移动速度)对于海表面降温的影响。模拟结果表明,海表面降温的空间分布主要受到气旋移动速度的影响,移动速度越快的降温,右偏现象越明显。海表面降温的幅度以及降温的区域随着气旋强度和最大风速半径的增大而单调递增,随移动速度增加而单调递减。海表面降温与热带气旋3个要素的拟合结果表明,气旋各个要素对于海表面降温影响作用的大小不同:在气旋移动速度较慢(小于4.5m/s)时,海表面降温主要受到气旋级别和移动速度的影响,在气旋移动速度较快(大于4.5m/s)时,气旋移动速度的影响作用减弱,海表面降温主要受气旋级别的影响。气旋最大风速半径的影响作用始终较小。     

Diurnal Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Western North Pacific in 2008-2010

Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center's morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.     

Local meteoric water lines describe extratropical precipitation

Stable water isotopes δ¹⁸O and δ²H are used to investigate precipitation trends and storm dynamics to advance knowledge of precipitation patterns in a warming world. Herein, δ¹⁸O and δ²H were used to determine the relationship between extratropical cyclonic precipitation and local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) in the eastern Ohio Valley and the eastern United States. Precipitation volume weighted and unweighted central Ohio LMWLs, created with samples collected during 2012–2018, showed that temperature had the greatest effect on precipitation isotopic composition. HYSPLIT back trajectory modelling showed that precipitation was primarily derived from a mid-continental moisture source. Remnants of major hurricanes were collected as extratropical precipitation during the 2012–2018 sampling period in central Ohio. Extratropical precipitation samples were not significantly different from the samples that created the central Ohio LMWL. Six additional LMWLs were derived from United States Geological Survey (USGS) Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) samples collected in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Tennessee, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Oxford, Ohio. Meteoric water lines describing published samples from Superstorm Sandy, plotted with these AIRMoN LMWLs, showed isotopic composition of Superstorm Sandy precipitation was commonly more depleted than the average isotopic composition at the mid-latitude locations. Meteoric water lines describing the Superstorm Sandy precipitation were not significantly different in slope from LMWLs generated within 300 km of the USGS AIRMoN site. This finding, which was observed across the eastern Ohio Valley and eastern United States, demonstrated a consistent precipitation δ²H–δ¹⁸O relationship for extratropical cyclonic and non-cyclonic events. This work also facilitates the analysis of storm development based on the relationship between extratropical event signature and the LMWL. Analysis of extratropical precipitation in relation to LMWLs along storm tracks allows for stronger development of precipitation models and understanding of which climatic and atmospheric factors determine the isotopic composition of precipitation.     

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AND ASSOCIATED SYNOPTIC SYSTEMS ON STRONG MEIYU IN SHANGHAI

1 INTRODUCTIONWith the methods of correlation and compositeanalyses,Ju et al.[1] discussed the relationship betweenlow-frequency oscillation in the summer monsoonregion in East Asia and droughts/floods in the middleand lower reaches of the Yangtze River and found thatstrong monsoon years usually cause more rain in theregion. Studying the interdecadal variation ofprecipitation in three rain zones over south China,thevalley of Yangtze River and north China,Tan et al.[2]showed that mid- a…     

Diurnal Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Western North Pacific in 2008–10

Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center’s (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.