北京地区地基验槽常见工程地质问题及其处理

通过建筑地基验槽实践,介绍了北京地区建筑地基开挖后常见的工程地质问题及其处理,为地基验槽提供借鉴。     

Paleoseismic events and the 1596 Keicho-Fushimi large earthquake produced by a slip on the Gosukebashi fault at the eastern Rokko Mountains,Japan

Field surveys and trench excavation investigations revealed that there were at least four large seismic events produced by slips on the Gosukebashi fault in the Holocene in the southeastern Rokko Mountains of Japan. The characteristics of deformed topographies and three-dimensionally excavated exposures show that this fault is a right-lateral strike–slip fault having an average slip rate of 1.0 mm/year, with a reverse displacement component. The principle indicators of past faulting events are: (i) termination of secondary faults; (ii) sedimentary deposits related to faulting; and (iii) injection veins of fault gouge related to seismic faulting in the fractured zone. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the events occurred pre-1660 BC , 1660 BC –220 AD , from ～ 30–220 to 600 AD and 15th century AD . The youngest event is probably associated with the large 1596 AD Keicho-Fushimi earthquake which occurred in the area around Kyoto and Kobe Cities. The second younger event is probably correlated with the 416 AD Yamato earthquake, which is the oldest historic earthquake in Japanese historic records. The results of trench surveys show that the horizontal displacement produced by an individual event is ～ 1.5 m, and the recurrence of seismic event intervals is ～ 1200 years in the Gosukebashi fault.     

对琼斯分样器的改进设计

分析提出了琼斯分样器结构上存在的问题，介绍了改进措施及改进后的ＧＦ分样器的使用情况。     

Application of fluid mechanic principles to the study of geodynamic processes at trench-arc-back arc systems

Geological processes at trench-arc-back arc systems are some of the most complex tectonic processes in need of study. A large amount of data based on geological and geophysical observations has been accumulated. To synthesize these data, mathematical models have proven to be very useful. Because geological processes are directly related to the dynamical behavior of the solid earth, many of them can be investigated in terms of fluid flow models. Some applications of fluid flow principles in studying tectonic processes at convergent plate boundaries are discussed in this paper. When mantle processes are modeled as convective systems, they are found to have direct implications for the determination of slab dip angles. Additionally, they can also account for the high heat flows in the back arc basins, provide a mechanism for back arc opening, and resolve the question whether subducted oceanic crust can reach melting at shallow depth for island arc magma generation. Besides mantle processes, flow models can also be used to study surface processes. A simple one-parameter plane flow theory is used to model the evolution of trench geometries. This model is able to fit simulataneously the trench curvature and the differential paleomagnetic rotation between volcanic islands for the Mariana. Despite the simplicity of many of these models, their ability to synthesize geological and geophysical data at convergent plate boundaries is quite remarkable.     

应力状态改变对土压力影响的分析

对基坑开挖引起地基土应力状态以及地下水状态改变给土压力计算带来的影响进行了深入的分析,提出了应采用侧压减少试验和卸荷试验方法确定的强度指标来计算主、被动土压力等计算方法.     

探索性空间分析及其与GIS集成模式探讨

探索性空间分析基于让数据说话的理念,可以避免野值或非典型观测值的误导。在对探索性空间分析的基本原理和概念界定的基础上,探讨交互式和动态空间数据分析、地学可视化及可视化空间分布、确认性空间分析、空间数据挖掘等探索性空间分析的主要技术。由于统计分析软件和GIS的数据格式差异很大,直接将二者简单集成存在一定困难,因此切实可行的集成方式是采用对象连接和嵌入(OLE)技术,分别调用统计分析软件的探索性分析功能(或者函数)以及GIS的地图显示和空间分析功能,并进行必要开发,实现二者的集成。最后对探索性空间分析的发展方向进行展望。     

公元512年山西省北部7.5级地震发震断层初探

根据野外断层露头,探槽及热释光年龄样数据,揭示了大同盆地内黄花梁－山自皂断层为公元５１２年强震的发震断层,这对确定该次地震宏观震中及研究大同盆地地震活动性具有重要意义。     

Sequential radiocarbon measurement of bulk peat for high-precision dating of tsunami deposits

Dates of tsunami deposits have been used to estimate paleotsunami recurrence intervals in areas affected by these natural events. The depositional age of tsunami deposits is commonly constrained by the radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating of sediments above and below the geological event. However, because of calibration curve fluctuations, the depositional age sometimes has a wide error range. In this study, we conducted millimeter-scale high-resolution radiocarbon measurements of tsunami deposits at Urahoro in southern Hokkaido, Japan. The site faces the Pacific Ocean along the Kuril Trench. Eight event deposits were identified within peat at this site. We took sequential measurements for ¹⁴C dating using bulk peat samples. The results were validated based on comparison with the absolute and radiometric ages of tephra layers. Dating results were further constrained by stratigraphic order using statistical methods. We constrained the depositional age of the paleotsunami deposits better using this method than we did when using conventional methods. We proposed an efficient measurement strategy with respect to the radiocarbon calibration curve. This method is also applicable for other deposits formed by any natural hazard if bulk peat is obtainable so it can contribute to better hazard assessment worldwide.     

中国市级人口增长的多因素空间建模分析

本文以中国市域单元为研究对象,利用1990-2010年人口普查数据,采用探索性空间数据分析的方法,分析了过去20 年间中国市级人口增长率的空间分布特征和多变量的空间依赖关系。使用空间计量模型和空间滤波后的经典线性回归模型分别探究了经济、气候、地形、社会文化等因素对中国市级人口增长率的影响。模型对比结果显示,经过空间滤波后的经典线性回归模型能够更好的模拟中国市级人口增长率的变化。在该模型中,经济因素是影响中国城市人口增长率的主要因素,例如代表城市经济发展水平的城市夜光指数密度。气候因素对人口增长率也有着不可忽视的作用,如七月热指数随着等级的提升对人口增长率有着越来越强的负向影响。研究结果表明：人口的区域增长模式是多要素综合作用的结果,在相关建模研究和政策制定中需要重点考虑经济发展水平和气候条件因素对人口增长趋势的不同影响。     

涞源龙门金多金属矿普查绿色勘查实践

河北省涞源县龙门金多金属矿普查工作,贯彻绿色勘查理念,对槽探工程、老硐清理、钻探工程按《绿色勘查指南》进行了专项设计并付诸实施。槽探工程施工挖掘的腐植土和碎石就近分开堆放并遮盖,待项目验收合格后,回填腐植土和碎石,最后平整并绿化;老硐清理出的碎石选择离硐口较近的相对平坦的地方堆放,并做好防护工作,最后覆土绿化;钻进工程采用清水和环保泥浆做冲洗液,金刚石单管和绳索取心钻进,提高了效率,减少了对地质环境的影响。机台建设占地少,施工过程中避免油污等的外溢,项目竣工验收后地貌恢复采用植草、自然恢复等绿化方法。绿色勘查充分贯彻了绿水青山就是金山银山的绿色发展理念。