大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙改良砂土地基承载特性模型试验研究：基于静力触探试验

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙（SUICP）是一种新型土体改良技术,碳酸钙充填土内孔隙、胶结土颗粒,必将提高地基承载力。为了定量研究SUICP 灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,开展了内径38.5 cm、高度100 cm的砂柱模型试验,碳酸钙沉积量为砂土质量的3%,基于静力触探试验对地基承载特性改良效果进行了研究。发现砂土地基SUICP 灌浆处理前的锥尖阻力平均值为0.564 MPa,处理后平均值为0.783 MPa,增加38.9%;侧壁摩阻力处理前平均值为19.08 kPa,处理后平均值为26.92 kPa,增加49.83%;砂土地基承载力处理前平均值为79.02 kPa,处理后平均值为108.64 kPa,增加了45.09%。SUICP灌浆提高地基承载特性的原因包括两个方面,一是碳酸钙将砂土颗粒黏结在一起使得颗粒变大,二是碳酸钙的填充作用使得土体更加密实。通过本研究证实了SUICP灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,解释了发生机理。研究中也发现砂土地基改良的均匀性并不理想,还要进一步探索其发生机理,并研发更好的灌浆技术提高均匀性。     

The Origin and Distribution of Salts on Alluvial Fans in The Atacama Desert,Northern Chile

The Atacama Desert has been predominantly hyperarid since the middle Miocene. Combined ionic and X-ray diffraction analysis shows that calcium sulphate is prevalent on three similar alluvial fans in salar basins across a transect of different environments in Antofagasta Province, northern Chile. Differences between the fans were largely due to the effect of local factors on salt input, secondary redistribution and deposit preservation. Thus carbonate was notable in the High Andes (fan C) and Pre-Cordillera (fan B), whereas in the Central Valley (fan A) greater qualities of the more soluble salts (chlorides and nitrates) probably reflect the higher level of aridity and an oceanic source (the camanchaca). Calcium sulphate distribution on the alluvial fans and on adjacent hilltops indicates an aeolian origin. Evidence from the Pre-Cordillera (fan B), however, suggests that salt input may have been episodic, related to changes in conditions within the general aridity and possibly to stone pavement and soil development. Calcium sulphate sources range from an input in Andean precipitation and the camanchaca to abundant regional evaporite deposits. It is probable, however, that products of Andean volcanism constitute the dominant primary source of calcium sulphate, and that the salt has subsequently been distributed widely within the endoreic basins of the region by a combination of groundwater, surface flow and the wind. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calcium Isotopic Compositions of Sixteen USGS Reference Materials

Calcium isotopic compositions of sixteen Ca‐bearing USGS geological reference materials including igneous and sedimentary rocks are reported. Calcium isotopic compositions were determined in two laboratories (GPMR, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan; and CIG, Centre for Isotope Geochemistry, University of California, Berkeley) using the ⁴²Ca‐⁴⁸Ca double‐spike technique by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. As opposed to common cation exchange resin, a micro‐column filled with Ca‐selective resin (DGA resin) was used in order to achieve high recovery (> 96%) and efficient separation of Ca from the sample matrix. The intermediate measurement precision was evaluated at 0.14‰ (2s) for δ^44/40Ca_SRM915a at GPMR, based on replicate measurements of pure Ca reference material NIST SRM 915a, NIST SRM 915b and seawater. Overall, the measurement uncertainties in both laboratories were better than 0.15‰ at the 2s level. Result validation was carried out for all available data sets. The Ca isotopic compositions of USGS reference materials are not only in agreement between GPMR and CIG, but also in agreement with previously published data within quoted uncertainties. The comprehensive data set reported in this study serves as a reference for both quality assurance and interlaboratory comparison of high precision Ca isotopic study.     

CaCO3生物矿化的研究进展——有机质的控制作用

生物CaCO₃是自然界分布最广泛的一类生物矿物,其组成除了无机相的CaCO₃外,还含有少量的有机质,包括水可溶(SM)和水不可溶有机质(IM),SM富含阴离子基团,是控制CaCO₃结晶的重要因素之一。通过有机—无机界面分子识别,有机质选择性地与CaCO₃晶体特定方向的面网相互作用,从而对CaCO₃的生长、形貌、多型及结晶学定向等产生明显的控制作用。有机—无机界面的分子识别机制包括静电、晶格几何匹配和立体化学互补等。仿生矿化的研究为进一步深入了解生物矿化的机理及制造高级复合材料提供了新的方法。     

重金属在碳酸钙—水界面间的沉淀反应特征

首先进行Cu^2 ,Pb^2 和Cd^2 等重金属离子溶液与方解石和轻质碳酸钙间的沉淀反应实验，然后对方解石与重金属离子的反应产物作了SEM观察与EDS能谱分析，研究表明，在本文的实验条件下，重金属与碳酸钙间的表面反应主要表现为表面沉淀，其中，Cd^2 离子在界面中的行为还涉及晶格扩散作用。     

Biomediated Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in a Slightly Acidic Hot Spring, Yunnan Province

A slightly acidic hot spring named "Female Tower"(t=73.5°C, pH=6.64) is located in the Jifei Geothermal Field, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The precipitates in the hot spring are composed of large amounts of calcite, aragonite and sulfur. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analyses reveal that the microbial mats were formed from various coccoid or rod-shaped filamentous microbes. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) shows that the intracellular sulfur granules are commonly associated with these microbes. A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the majority of the bacteria in the spring are sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. In the spring water, H_2S concentration is up to 60 ppm, while SO_4~(2-) concentration is only about 10 ppm. We speculate that H_2S might derive from sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in this hot spring water, leading to the intracellular formation of sulfur granules. Meanwhile, this reaction increased the p H in the micronscale microdomains, which fosters the precipitation of calcium carbonate in the microbial mats. The results of this study indicate that the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria might play an important role in calcium carbonate precipitation in slightly acidic hot spring environments.     

Risk Assessment based on the Mathematical Model of Diffuse Exogenous Geological Processes

The estimation of the risk caused by hazardous geological processes is a common problem. The aim of this paper is to present a method for solving problems involving a wide spectrum of diffuse exogenous geological processes, based on the mathematical morphology of landscapes. Diffuse processes develop as random rounded sites within certain areas and include karstification, subsidence, thermo-karstification and aeolian processes. Model assumptions take into consideration spatial and temporal randomness of occurrence, independent growth under occasional conditions, and cessation of growth given a ‘stop factor’, with transformation into degenerate sites. Based on these model assumptions, the following probabilities of impact by diffuse exogenous geological processes are solved for analytically. Firstly, the probability of impact on engineering constructions of round shape given the size of the diffuse processes and the known average impact risk; secondly, the probability of impact on small engineering constructions (points); and lastly, the probability of impact on linear engineering constructions of specified length. The computed impact probabilities are verified in various areas within Western Siberia.     

偏高岭土协同石灰钝化红黏土水敏性的机制

红黏土水敏性强,添加石灰等碱性材料处治后,能获得即刻的改良效果,但由于红黏土呈弱酸性,石灰改良后其长期性能会衰减。为提高石灰稳定红黏土（简称La+L）的长期性能,添加偏高岭土（4%）协同石灰（5%）稳定红黏土（简称La+L+MK）,改善其水敏性和酸?碱互损作用。制备8种初始含水率的压实试样（初始孔隙比相同）,养护到预定时间后开展无侧限抗压强度试验,同时,测定试样的钙离子浓度、电导率和pH值。结果表明：初始含水率为26%左右时,改良土的无侧限抗压强度最高,初始含水率偏高或偏低都不利于改良土的强度增长。究其原因,试样偏干时,缺少水分,石灰水化不充分,不能形成游离态钙离子,无法进行火山灰反应,颗粒之间无法形成胶结;试样偏湿时,火山灰反应形成的胶结强度不及过量水分引起的基质吸力丧失量。试样的钙离子浓度和电导率变化规律,证实了以上原因解释的猜想。当然,添加偏高岭土后,能够显著改善偏湿状态下的石灰土强度。即使浸水饱和后,相对石灰改良土,也能够保持较高的强度,充分证明偏高岭土能够有效降低石灰土水敏性,提高其耐久性。偏高岭土直接提供了大量硅、铝氧化物,且将土体pH值降到有利于硅、铝氧化物溶解的碱性范围,加速火山灰反应,缓减或抑制石灰?红黏土的互损作用。     

生物矿化研究现状和展望

生物矿化过程是指在生物体中细胞的参与下,无机元素从环境中选择性地沉淀在特定的有机质上而形成的新矿物.生物矿化矿物的结晶严格受生物体分泌的有机基质的控制,是在有机基质膜板诱导下的晶体生长.生物体内有机基质指导矿物晶体的成核、生长和聚集,使得生物矿物具有特定的形貌、取向和组装方式,从而产生特殊的功能.生物矿化近年来受到化学、物理、生物以及材料学等多学科的关注.综述了生物矿化的类型、过程、机理及常用的研究方法和研究进展,并作了学科展望.     

南阳板厂多金属矿区泥浆技术的合理化应用

南阳板厂多金属矿区地质情况复杂,上部地层裂隙发育而导致井漏普遍发生;中部地层绿帘石及绿泥石水敏性强,易发生垮塌、缩径。确定上部使用低固相植物胶泥浆体系,并通过试验明确了植物胶、腐植酸钾及聚丙烯酸钾的大致加量及其对泥浆性能的影响规律;中下部在植物胶泥浆的基础上转为钙处理泥浆以增强抑制性,适当增加植物胶(CL)和沥青粉(FT)的加量以增强泥浆的胶结能力与封堵能力。上述泥浆方案在板厂矿区ZK1724钻孔中获得了成功应用,为该矿区复杂地层钻进施工创造了有利条件。