Estimates of spatial variation in evaporation using satellite‐derived surface temperature and a water balance model

Evaporation dominates the water balance in arid and semi‐arid areas. The estimation of evaporation by land‐cover type is important for proper management of scarce water resources. Here, we present a method to assess spatial and temporal patterns of actual evaporation by relating water balance evaporation estimates to satellite‐derived radiometric surface temperature. The method is applied to a heterogeneous landscape in the Krishna River basin in south India using 10‐day composites of NOAA advanced very high‐resolution radiometer satellite imagery. The surface temperature predicts the difference between reference evaporation and modelled actual evaporation well in the four catchments (r² = 0·85 to r² = 0·88). Spatial and temporal variations in evaporation are linked to vegetation type and irrigation. During the monsoon season (June–September), evaporation occurs quite uniformly over the case‐study area (1·7–2·1 mm day^?1), since precipitation is in excess of soil moisture holding capacity, but it is higher in irrigated areas (2·2–2·7 mm day^?1). In the post‐monsoon season (December–March) evaporation is highest in irrigated areas (2·4 mm day^?1). A seemingly reasonable estimate of temporal and spatial patterns of evaporation can be made without the use of more complex and data‐intensive methods; the method also constrains satellite estimates of evaporation by the annual water balance, thereby assuring accuracy at the seasonal and annual time‐scales. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling lake stage and water balance of Lake Tana,Ethiopia

The level of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, fluctuates annually and seasonally following the patterns of changes in precipitation. In this study, a mass balance approach is used to estimate the hydrological balance of the lake. Water influx from four major rivers, subsurface inflow from the floodplains, precipitation, outflow from the lake constituting river discharge and evapotranspiration from the lake are analysed on monthly and annual bases. Spatial interpolation of precipitation using rain gauge data was conducted using kriging. Outflow from the lake was identified as the evaporation from the lake's surface as well as discharge at the outlet where the Blue Nile commences. Groundwater inflow is estimated using MODular three‐dimensional finite‐difference ground‐water FLOW model software that showed an aligned flow pattern to the river channels. The groundwater outflow is considered negligible based on the secondary sources that confirmed the absence of lake water geochemical mixing outside of the basin. Evaporation is estimated using Penman's, Meyer's and Thornwaite's methods to compare the mass balance and energy balance approaches. Meteorological data, satellite images and temperature perturbation simulations from Global Historical Climate Network of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration are employed for estimation of evaporation input parameters. The difference of the inflow and outflow was taken as storage in depth and compared with the measured water level fluctuations. The study has shown that the monthly and annually calculated lake level replicates the observed values with root mean square error value of 0·17 and 0·15 m, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The metamorphic evolution of metapelitic granulites from Radok Lake, northern Prince Charles Mountains, east Antarctica; evidence for an anticlockwise P–T path

Mineral textures in metapelitic granulites from the northern Prince Charles Mountains, coupled with thermodynamic modelling in the K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃ (KFMASHTO) model system, point to pressure increasing with increasing temperature on the prograde metamorphic path, followed by retrograde cooling (i.e. an anticlockwise P–T path). Textural evidence for the increasing temperature part of the path is given by the breakdown of garnet and biotite to form orthopyroxene and cordierite in sillimanite‐absent rocks, and through the break‐down of biotite and sillimanite to form spinel, cordierite and garnet in more aluminous assemblages. This is equated to the advective addition of heat from the regional emplacement of granitic and charnockitic magmas dated at c. 980 Ma. A subsequent increase in pressure, inferred from the break‐down of spinel and quartz to sillimanite, cordierite and garnet in aluminous rocks, is attributed to crustal thickening related to upright folding dated at 940–910 Ma. The terrane attained peak metamorphic temperatures of c. 880 °C at pressures of c. 6.0–6.5 kbar during this event. Subsequent cooling is inferred from the localised breakdown of cordierite and garnet to form biotite and sillimanite that developed in the latter stages of the same event. The textural observations described are interpreted via the application of P–T and P–T–X pseudosections. The latter show that most rock compositions preserve only fragments of the overall P–T path; a result of different rock compositions undergoing mineral assemblage changes, or changes in mineral modal abundance, on different sections of the P–T path. The results also suggest that partial melting during granulite facies metamorphism, coupled with melt loss and dehydration, initiated a switch from pervasive ductile, to discrete ductile/brittle deformation, during retrograde cooling.     

Towards an Understanding of Radial Velocity Shift in Uv Spectra of Symbiotic Stars

A systematic redshift of high ionization resonance emission lines relative to the intercombination lines was found by Friedjung et al. (1883, A & A 126, 4071983) in the UV spectra of a number of symbiotic binaries. The interpretation was not then clear. We present a study of archival IUE and GHRS/HST spectra of the symbiotic binary CI Cyg. The shift varies during the orbital cycle which can be understood in terms of the presence of strong circum-binary line absorption formed in an outer expanding region.     

盾构隧道下穿城市道路的路面沉降计算方法研究

随着我国城市化进程的不断推进,地下空间的开发和利用越来越受重视,特别是盾构隧道已成为工程建设的重要技术手段。而城市地下环境日趋复杂,市政隧道下穿既有道路的项目愈发常见,研究与之对应的土体位移预测方法对地下空间安全评估至关重要。借助弹性力学中薄壁圆筒的平面模型,构建相应的边界条件,推导出适用于有重地层浅埋圆截面土体沉降变形计算方法。以澳门纯钢纤维混凝土盾构隧道下穿友谊大马路工程为实例,并与不同收敛模式下随机介质理论进行对比验证。研究结果表明：理论公式与土体位移实测值吻合度较高,且略优于随机介质理论的计算结果。理论公式综合考虑了路基土体参数、隧道深径比及施工技术水平等因素的影响,计算结果合理可靠,可为盾构隧道下穿施工诱发土体位移预测提供重要的理论支持。     

Sweeping scientific data under a polar bear skin rug: The IUCN and the proposed listing of polar bears under CITES Appendix I

In 2008 the US Government listed the polar bear as “threatened” under the US Endangered Species Act, largely due to scientific analyses of climate change data and polar bear distribution conducted by the US Geological Survey (USGS), which projected a 2/3 reduction in the polar bear population within the next 40 years. In 2009 the US Government announced that it would submit a proposal to the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora to uplist polar bears from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I. A report produced by the IUCN/Traffic stated that this was not warranted. However, the IUCN/Traffic report did not consider the USGS data noted above. Ultimately the proposal for CITES uplisting failed. In this paper we examine the differences in the IUCN/Traffic report and the best available science, and conclude that listing polar bears under CITES Appendix I was scientifically warranted.     

陇东黄土高原土壤储水量与蒸发和气候研究

利用长期土壤湿度和气候观测资料，分析了陇东黄土高原陆面蒸发和土壤储水量的年际变化及其与气候因素的关系。在近20年来，陇东黄土高陆面蒸发和土壤储水量的年际变化主要表现为逐年减少的趋势，个别季节表现为增加的趋势；年际变化的速率具有季节和空间差异性。陆面蒸发和土壤储水量随着温度的升高而减少，随着降水的增加而增加。但是陆面蒸发和土壤储水量与温度的关系不密切，与降水的关系密切。变暖不是陇东黄土高陆面蒸发和土壤储水量逐年减少的气候因素，降水的逐年减少才是陇东黄土高原陆面蒸发和土壤储水量逐年减少的气候因素。陇东黄土高原的土壤干旱化与地表蒸发关系不大，降水的逐年减少可能是土壤干旱化的根本原因。     

ASSESSMENT ON INDIRECT ECONOMIC LOSS OF WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER BASED ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

The scientific and reasonable assessment of disaster loss is the basic work for disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction.Indirect economic loss is also an important part of scientific assessment for disaster influence.Taking the stricken area of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan as an example,this paper preliminarily analyzed the sections-related indirect economic loss resulting from Wenchuan earthquake by the methods of input-output analysis.The results show that,1) the sections-related indirect economic loss of Wenchuan earthquake reached up to 2 545.32 billion Yuan,which is as much as 3 times the direct economic loss in Sichuan Province.The direct economic loss does not evaluate the effects of Wenchuan earthquake disaster completely,and the indirect economic loss is an inseparable part for the systematic assessment of disaster influence.2) The characteristics of economic losses are not the same among different sectors in Sichuan.The indirect economic losses of industry and other services are the biggest in all sectors of Sichuan.However,the ratios of indirect and direct economic loss in industry,agriculture,construction are the highest,which is over 14.60,8.70 and 7.11,respectively.3) Although the uncertainty exists in the assessment result due to the limitation of input-output model,input-output analysis is still the most wildly used method to assess the indirect economic loss of natural hazard.Furthermore,the data accuracy is also an important factor influencing the economic loss assessment of natural hazard.     

3种石生苔藓植物碳酸酐酶对石灰岩的溶蚀作用

以普定严重石漠化区域石生细叶小羽藓Haplocladium microphyllum Hedw.、银叶真藓Bryum argenteum Hedw. 和美灰藓Eurohypnum leptothollum(C. Muell. ) Ando.为研究材料,运用模拟土柱实验装置收集植物淋出液并测定其电导率、pH值、CA活性、钙镁元素含量并对石灰岩试片溶蚀进行估算。结果表明：岩溶生态系统中不同植物的碳酸酐酶活性差异较大,其中细叶小羽藓的溶蚀效果最为显著,产生的碳汇量最大;CA活性最高为美灰藓,为272.99 U·g-1·FW;最小的为细叶小羽藓的CA活性较低,为38.31 U·g-1·FW。淋出液均检测到CA的存在,银叶真藓淋溶6 d的CA活性最高,随着时间的推移,3种植物CA总体表现出先略降,然后升高,最后趋于平稳的趋势;pH值呈上升趋势;电导率呈下降趋势;淋出液中Ca2+和Mg2+浓度随淋溶时间的延长浓度逐渐降低,一定时间后趋于动态的平衡;说明石生植物对石灰岩有明显的酶促溶蚀驱动作用,且溶蚀率与CA活性成正相关。     

白洋淀湖泊原位蒸发试验研究

在生态环境脆弱和水资源短缺的雄安新区白洋淀,湖泊水面蒸发是其地表水主要排泄方式之一,研究湖泊蒸发对认识湖泊水循环、生态需水量评价及湖泊生态功能恢复等方面有重要现实意义和科学价值。然而白洋淀湖泊内蒸发实测资料有限,一般采用邻近陆地观测站数据折算或经验模型法估算其蒸发量,计算误差较大,不能准确描述白洋淀湖泊蒸发量。研究在白洋淀湖泊开展原位试验,在湖泊中心位置建立E601蒸发站和20 m2蒸发池观测蒸发量,并建立自动气象站同时监测气象数据,利用E601蒸发站和气象站数据使用相关分析和多元线性回归模型方法分析了蒸发与各气象因素之间的相关性,并将E601蒸发站观测数据与20 m2蒸发池观测数据及数值模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,夏季白洋淀湖泊水面蒸发量日变化较剧烈,变化范围在0.4～6.6 mm/d,6月蒸发量最大,7—8月随降水增多蒸发量有所下降。夏季湖泊水面蒸发受太阳辐射和湿度 2 种因素影响较大。以20 m2蒸发池蒸发量作为湖泊水面蒸发量,观测期内E601蒸发站观测蒸发量高于湖泊水面实际蒸发量,通过当地蒸发折算系数折算后可更准确估算湖泊蒸发量。试验获得白洋淀湖泊内20 m2蒸发池与E601蒸发站蒸发折算系数约为0.98,较前人研究略偏大。研究结果可为白洋淀地区水面蒸发量计算提供基础依据。