A remote sensing model for monitoring soil evaporation based on differential thermal inertia and its validation

To develop geosciences quantification and multi-dimensional researches will be an inevitable trend in the 21st century. The interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere not only serves as an important component in geosciences quantification, bu…     

Equilibrium Evaporation and the Convective Boundary Layer

A theory is developed for surface energy exchanges in well-mixed, partlyopen systems, embracing fully open and fully closed systems as limits.Conservation equations for entropy and water vapour are converted intoan exact rate equation for the potential saturation deficit D in a well-mixed, partly open region. The main contributions to changes in D arise from (1) the flux of D at the surface, dependent on a conductance g_q that is a weighted sum of the bulk aerodynamic and surface conductances; and (2) the exchange flux of D with the external environment by entrainment or advection, dependent on a conductance g_e that is identifiable with the entrainment velocity when the partly open region is a growing convective boundary layer (CBL). The system is fully open when g_e/g_q , and fully closed when g_e/g_q 0. The equations determine the steady state surface energy balance (SEB) in a partly open system, the associated steady-state deficit, and the settling time scale needed to reach the steady state. The general result for the steady-state SEB corresponds to the equations of conventional combination theory for the SEB of a vegetated surface, with the surface-layer deficit replaced by the external deficit and with g_q replaced by the series sum (g_q ^-1 + g_e ^-1)^-1. In the fully open limit D is entirely externally prescribed, while in the fully closed limit, D is internally determined and the SEB approaches thermodynamic equilibrium energy partition. In the case of the CBL, the conductances g_q and g_e are themselves functions of D through short-term feedbacks, induced by entrainment in the case of g_e and by both physiological and aerodynamic (thermal stability) processes in the case of g_q. The effects of these feedbacks are evaluated. It is found that a steady-state CBL is physically achievable only over surfaces with at least moderate moisture availability; that entrainment has a significant accelerating effect on equilibration; that the settling time scale is well approximated by h/(g_q + g_e), where h is the CBL depth; and that this scale is short enough to allow a steady state to evolve within a semi-diurnal time scale only when h is around 500 m or less.     

新疆渭干河灌区水文地质条件变化及排水措施探讨

渭干河灌区的水土环境及水文地质条件在克孜尔水库建成后发生了一定的变化,本文结合灌区12年来的水盐监测资料,对灌区地下水的埋深变化规律、水质演变趋势、灌区的排水效果及目前存在的问题进行了分析与探讨,并为今后灌区排水措施和保持水土环境的良性发展提出了建议.     

和田市近40年蒸发量的变化特征

利用和田市气象站1961-2000年20cm口径蒸发量资料，对蒸发量的年、季、月变化趋势、年代际变化特征、突变和周期等气候变化作了较全面分析。结果表明：40年来各季、月蒸发量呈现不同程度的上升趋势，年蒸发量以48．52mm／10a的倾向率增多，偏多趋势主要表现在春季、秋季，其中5月份蒸发量偏多趋势最明显。年蒸发量在20世纪60年代为相对偏少期，80年代为相对偏多期。采用累积距平曲线和标准Morlet小波方法对年总蒸发量进行突变检验和周期分析表明，年蒸发量在1978年发生一次突变，蒸发量变化具有4～6年、11年和22年左右的年周期变化。     

商丘近40 a蒸发量变化特征及原因分析

利用商丘1961-2000年小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料,分析了商丘蒸发量的变化趋势及引起蒸发量变化的因子,结果表明,商丘年、季和月蒸发量均存在明显的下降趋势,影响蒸发量变化的因子主要有风速、日照、相对湿度、水汽压等.     

Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA

Few detailed evaporation studies exist for small lakes or reservoirs in mountainous settings. A detailed evaporation study was conducted at Mirror Lake, a 0.15 km² lake in New Hampshire, northeastern USA, as part of a long-term investigation of lake hydrology. Evaporation was determined using 14 alternate evaporation methods during six open-water seasons and compared with values from the Bowen-ratio energy-budget (BREB) method, considered the standard. Values from the Priestley–Taylor, deBruin–Keijman, and Penman methods compared most favorably with BREB-determined values. Differences from BREB values averaged 0.19, 0.27, and 0.20 mm d⁻¹, respectively, and results were within 20% of BREB values during more than 90% of the 37 monthly comparison periods. All three methods require measurement of net radiation, air temperature, change in heat stored in the lake, and vapor pressure, making them relatively data intensive. Several of the methods had substantial bias when compared with BREB values and were subsequently modified to eliminate bias. Methods that rely only on measurement of air temperature, or air temperature and solar radiation, were relatively cost-effective options for measuring evaporation at this small New England lake, outperforming some methods that require measurement of a greater number of variables. It is likely that the atmosphere above Mirror Lake was affected by occasional formation of separation eddies on the lee side of nearby high terrain, although those influences do not appear to be significant to measured evaporation from the lake when averaged over monthly periods.     

空气动力学阻抗的测量研究

利用涡旋相关方法和蒸发皿方法分别测量了裸地和玉米田的空气动力学阻抗, 分析了空气动力学阻抗的日变化特征, 同时对两种测量方法进行了比较。结果表明:实测空气动力学阻抗的日变化比较明显, 但变化幅度不大 (0~200 s/m)。两种方法得到的空气动力学阻抗具有可比性, 但蒸发皿方法测量的空气动力学阻抗普遍小于涡旋相关方法的测量值。     

近47a来青海湖流域气候变化分析

选取青海湖流域内及临近7个气象站点,对各站1959～2005年的降水和气温数据采用泰森多边形法进行了计算,并运用Mann-Kendall方法对其变化趋势进行了分析,同时对流域近47 a的气候变化与青海湖水位变化做了相关分析。结果表明:①青海湖流域近47 a来降水存在明显的阶段性变化,20世纪60年代、80年代、90年代降水都呈上升的趋势,70年代为下降趋势;同时年、夏季降水有增加的趋势。②同时期气温存在显著的上升趋势,尤其是冬季增温显著,年变化倾向率达到0.53℃/10 a,1987～2000年与1961～1986年相比,平均气温增加了0.79℃,显著高于全国水平。③青海湖流域近47 a来春、夏、秋、冬陆面蒸发变化倾向率均为正值,夏季陆面蒸发增加趋势显著,年变化倾向率为4.17 mm/10 a。④流域降水量对湖水位的年变化、布哈河径流、沙柳河径流有着显著的影响;在9 a尺度上讲,未来5 a流域秋季降水处于上升阶段,湖水下降会有所减缓或者回升。     

塔里木河流域绿洲边缘土壤蒸发与积盐的初步分析

本文通过对塔里木河流域土壤分的分析测定,视频研究了盐分积累的特点及其与蒸发的关系;盐分含量高,累积速度快、表聚性强。     

Evaporation of perennial semi‐arid woodland in southeastern Australia is adapted for irregular but common dry periods

Measurements of water vapour flux from semi‐arid perennial woodland (mallee) were made for 3 years using eddy covariance instrumentation. There have been no previous long‐term, detailed measures of water use in this ecosystem. Latent energy flux (LE) on a half hourly basis was the measure of the combined soil and plant evaporation, ‘evapotranspiration’ (E_LE) of the site. Aggregation over 3 years of the site measured rain (1136 mm) and the estimated evaporation (794 mm) suggests that 342 mm or 30% of rain had moved into or past the root zone of the vegetation. Above average rainfall during 2011 and the first quarter of 2012 (633 mm, 15 months) would likely have been the period during which significant groundwater recharge occurred. At times immediately after rainfall, E_LE rates were the same or exceeded estimates of potential E calculated from a suitably parameterized Penman–Monteith (E_PMo) equation. Apparent free water E from plant interception and soil evaporation was about 2.3 mm and lasted for 1.3 days following rainfall in summer, while in autumn, E was 5.1 mm that lasted over 5.4 days. The leaf area index (LAI) needed to adjust a wind function calibrated Penman equation (E_PMe) to match the E_LE values could be back calculated to generate seasonal change in LAI from 0.12 to 0.46 and compared well with normalized difference vegetation index; r = 0.38 and p = 0.0213* and LAI calculated from digital cover photography. The apparently conservative response of perennial vegetation evaporation to available water in these semi‐arid environments reinforces the conclusion that these ecosystems use this mechanism to survive the reasonably common dry periods. Plant response to soil water availability is primarily through gradual changes in leaf area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.