渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲50 a来农业开发及所引发的生态问题探析

从渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲50a来农业开发与生态建设的过程看，人工绿洲耕作农业的生产力水平有较显著的提高，人工绿洲生态也得到了改善。主要表现是单位面积生产力水平提高，农田防护林体系初步建立，水利工程建设得到加强，生活能源的短缺得到改进。但从流域的绿洲农业经济发展与生态环境建设仍存在一些不协调的问题。主要是农田施肥重化肥轻有机肥，土壤肥力不高；灌区中游重灌轻排，灌排不协调，盐渍化面积有所扩大；流域下游由于缺水和人为等因素使天然绿洲的稳定性受到威胁，天然林的绿色屏障作用大为削弱等。对此必须引起足够重视，逐步加以协调，才能实现绿洲农业经济的可持续发展。     

中国西部干旱区生态环境演变过程

根据湖沼沉积、黄土沉积和冰积等地质记录，运用地理信息系统、遥感、生态景观学等方法．从万年、千年和百年及百年以下四个时间尺度对中国西部干旱区生态环境演变过程进行研究。结果表明，全新世以来，中国西部干旱区的气候变化经历了多次的相对暖干和相对冷湿交替变化，变化历程较为复杂。早全新世、中全新世、晚全新世气候特点因地因时而异，但总体特征以干旱化为主，280～350a来，降水量有明显的减少趋势，并表现出显著的周期性。但在近半个世纪以来，中国天山地区的气候变化特征表现为气温升高，降水量增加。总的来说，从20世纪80年代以来，新疆的气候趋于好转，植被覆盖状况改善明显，山地森林、草甸、人工绿洲的面积均呈增加趋势。研究结果还表明，在一定尺度的气候背景条件下，地表的植被覆盖对调节绿洲区域气候有着积极的作用，可增加局部地区的降水。     

洪湖的环境变迁与生态保护

洪湖历史上经历了多次变迁，在同类型湖泊中表现出其生态的复杂性和多样性。通过分析洪湖从成湖以来所发生的的湖泊环境变化，阐述了人类活动对洪湖环境带来的一系列生态问题，对洪湖生态环境的恢复与优化提出对策与建议；同时，对于洪湖省级湿地自然保护区的建设和管理提出了科学的、可操作的具体措施。     

Geographical distribution of ecological footprint and sustainability analysis for Liaoning Province

This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the "ecologically black band", whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level, taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning's development toward a sustainable future.     

Channel Bed Mobility Downstream from the Elwha Dams,Washington*

Dams are a major source of fragmentation and degradation of rivers. Although substantial research has been conducted on the environmental impacts of large structures in the United States, smaller dams have received less attention. This study evaluated the impact of two dams of moderate size, the Elwha Dams, on the downstream channel system using field data collection at river cross‐sections. The relationship of average boundary shear stress (τ_o) to critical shear stress (τ_cr) served as the basis for determining channel bed material mobility under the two‐year and ten‐year flood events. The channel had the greatest channel bed mobility at the natural cross‐section upstream from the dams, low bed mobility between the structures, and an increase in channel bed mobility in the low gradient river segment near the mouth of the river. Low bed mobility tended to be associated with a lack of channel system complexity, including reduction or loss of bars and low alluvial terraces and their associated young riparian communities. Although these run‐of‐the‐river dams do not modify streamflow greatly, the loss of sediment from the channel system has had a substantial impact on bed mobility and geomorphic and biotic complexity of the Elwha River.     

The effect of bed mobility on resistance to overland flow

When sediment grains are transported as bed load in overland flow, there is a net transfer of momentum from the flow to the grains. When these grains collide with other grains, whether on the bed or in the flow, streamwise flow velocity decreases and resistance to flow increases. Resistance to flow generated in this manner is termed bed‐load transport resistance. Resistance to flow f over a plane bed may be partitioned into grain resistance f_g and bed‐load transport resistance f_bt. We use the symbols f_btf and f_btm to denote f_bt for flows over fixed beds and over mobile beds, respectively, and we compute the effect of bed mobility on flow resistance f_mob by subtracting f_btf from f_btm. The data for this study come from 54 flume experiments with fixed beds and 38 with mobile beds. On average f_mob is approximately equal to half of f_btm, which is about one‐quarter of f. Hence, f_mob is about one‐tenth of f. Predictive equations are developed for f_btf, f_btm and f_mob using dimensional analysis to identify the relevant independent variables and regression analysis to evaluate the coefficients associated with these variables. Values of f_mob are always positive which implies that mobile beds offer greater resistance to flow than do fixed beds. Evidently bed‐load grains colliding with mobile beds lose more momentum to the bed than do grains colliding with fixed beds. In other words, grain collisions with mobile beds are less elastic than those with fixed beds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山东泰安朱家庄自然硫矿床地质概要

山东省泰安朱家庄自然硫矿床,赋存于鲁西断隆古近纪汶东陆相盆地。自然硫矿层在汶口组二段上亚段,泥质灰岩-含泥灰岩-含云灰岩-石膏岩韵律层中的白云岩-石膏岩层段发育。自然硫以胶态、晶态、土态3种形态产出,可划分为顺层型、准顺层型、斑杂型及不顺层型4大类10余种矿石类型。从矿区去膏化作用普遍、自然硫与石膏-硬石膏分别富集轻-重同位素的特征、油气显示明显及地下水主要径流方向自然硫矿化最强等各种证据,表明该矿属生物后生成因的矿床。     

石灰改良膨胀土力学性质的研究

膨胀(?)主要是由强亲水性粘土矿物蒙脱石和伊利石组成的,是具有膨胀性、多裂隙性和超固结性的高塑性粘性土。在铁路施工中,膨胀土不能直接作为路基填土,必需进行改良。通过室内试验的方法来讨论石灰改良膨胀土的力学性质在各种影响因素下的变化规律。     

国道319线厦门海沧生态挡墙的应用研究

由于公路沿线种植贵重经济作物,征地补偿费用很高,同时公路也被赋予保护生态、美化沿线景观的要求,因此该路段的路肩挡士墙采用了土工格室生态挡墙。该挡墙2002年7月竣工,经过近两年的观测,生态挡墙墙体稳定,侧向位移较小,且生态挡墙与周边环境协调,取得了良好效果。     

箱形基础上浮病害整治技术

结合箱形基础不均匀上浮工程病害实例，综合分析了病害原因，提出了应用高压灌浆和抗浮锚杆工艺进行处治的方案。