Modeling oil spill trajectory in coastal waters based on fractional Brownian motion

This paper proposes a numerical method to simulate oil spill trajectories, which are affected by the combination of advection, turbulent diffusion and mechanical spreading process, based on a particle tracking algorithm. Recent studies have shown that the trajectories of drifters on the ocean surface have a fractal structure that is far from being described using ordinary Brownian motion. Thus, in modeling the diffusion process, a discrete method has been employed for the generation of fractional Brownian motion (fBm) to illustrate superdiffusive transport. The algorithm is implemented to predict oil slick trajectories following the “Arteaga” oil spill accident that occurred near the Dalian coastal region in 2005. When compared with the observed data and the results of traditional diffusion modeling, the numerical results based on the fBm model are encouraging.     

Fourier’s heat conduction equation: History, influence, and connections

The equation describing the conduction of heat in solids has, over the past two centuries, proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing the dynamic motion of heat as well as for solving an enormous array of diffusion-type problems in physical sciences, biological sciences, earth sciences, and social sciences. This equation was formulated at the beginning of the nineteenth century by one of the most gifted scholars of modern science, Joseph Fourier of France. A study of the historical context in which Fourier made his remarkable contribution and the subsequent impact his work has had on the development of modern science is as fascinating as it is educational. This paper is an attempt to present a picture of how certain ideas initially led to Fourier’s development of the heat equation and how, subsequently, Fourier’s work directly influenced and inspired others to use the heat diffusion model to describe other dynamic physical systems. Conversely, others concerned with the study of random processes found that the equations governing such random processes reduced, in the limit, to Fourier’s equation of heat diffusion. In the process of developing the flow of ideas, the paper also presents, to the extent possible, an account of the history and personalities involved. Reprinted by permission from theAmerican Geophysical Union, @ 1999. Originally published inReviews of Geophysics as “Fourier’s Heat Conduction Equation: History, Influence and Connections,” Vol. 37, issue 1, pages 151–172, February 1999. Appended here are eight figures of historical importance.     

线性扩散波洪水演算模型研究

扩散波概念的提出至今已有近半个世纪。在前人研究的基础上,着重讨论如何把扩散波解析解用到天然河道的洪水演算中去,即通过把入流过程离散成带常系数的单位矩形入流之和,将单位线概念引入具有自由下边界的线性扩散波洪水演算模型,并给出了确定天然河道Ｃｋ和μ的实用方法。用于黄河下游６个河段的洪水演算获得了令人满意的成果。扩散波洪水演算模型,继承了水力学方法的长处,又具有水文学方法的优点,可能有罗好的开发应用前景     

激光拉曼原位观测储层温度压力条件下乙烷在纯水中的扩散系数

乙烷和甲烷是深部天然气藏中的重要组成部分, 精确测量其扩散系数对于正确理解深部页岩储层中的烃类气体的分布运移及其分异具有重要意义.目前乙烷在水中的扩散系数数据局限在低压和283~333K温度范围内, 缺少天然气储层高温高压条件下的数据.本研究利用显微激光拉曼光谱, 在高压透明毛细管中原位观测了20MPa下273~393K温度范围内乙烷在纯水中的扩散, 测定了各温度下的扩散系数, 并用Speedy-Angell指数方程拟合出乙烷扩散系数D(乙烷)(m2/s)与温度T(K)之间的关系式: D(C₂H₆)=D₀[(T/T_s)-1]γ, 式中: D₀=13.8055×10-9m2/s, T_s=237.4K, γ=1.7397.相同温度压力条件下, 测得的乙烷的扩散系数小于甲烷的扩散系数.据此计算了2种气体通过低渗透盖层的扩散量的差异, 发现甲烷和乙烷溶解扩散的分异程度随盖层厚度、扩散时间而显著变化.      

footprint方法在湍流扩散分析中的应用

引入通量footprint分析方法,结合广西白龙核电厂拟建厂址的湍流实测资料,分析了观测站点不同方向上的通量footprint,并由此确定了水平扩散尺度及水平扩散时间,最终估算了水平扩散参数。与环境评价导则中推荐的扩散时间计算所得的水平扩散参数进行了对比分析。结果表明,离岸流的扩散参数比向岸流大,有利于湍流扩散,从而证明扩散参数具有偏保守性和局地扩散的特性。分析表明,footprint方法在湍流扩散参数分析中具有实际的应用价值。     

A Study of Concentration Fluctuations in Instantaneous Clouds Dispersing in the Atmospheric Surface Layer for Relative Turbulent Diffusion: Basic Descriptive Statistics

A series of tracer experiments studying the statistical properties of concentration fluctuations in clouds dispersing in the atmospheric surface layer is described and analyzed. Experiments were conducted at downwind fetches between about 200 and 1200 m, under a wide range of atmospheric conditions ranging from very unstable to moderately stable stratification. The present experiments have addressed basic requirements not met by past field experiments involving instantaneously released clouds; namely, the experiments provided repeat realizations of instantaneously released clouds measured with high-resolution concentration detectors, accompanied by the contemporaneous acquisition of high-quality meteorological and turbulence measurements.Extensive analyses are performed on the cloud concentration data in the framework of relative diffusion. Ensembles of cloud concentration realizations have been constructed. From these ensembles, crosswind and time profiles of the ensemble-mean concentration, concentration variance, ensemble-mean dosage, and dosage variance are obtained. The behaviour of the time profiles of the integral time scale of cloud concentration fluctuations is studied. The use of surface-layer similarity theory for the analysis of the downwind variation of a number of cloud quantities (e.g., cloud size and duration, cloud centre ensemble-mean concentration and dosage, cloud centre concentration and dosage variance, cloud centre integral time scale) is shown to be an effective basis for ordering these quantities. Furthermore, a number of approximate universal relationships describing the behavior of these cloud quantities has been derived. Finally, it is shown that the scaled crosswind and time profiles of ensemble-mean concentration and concentration variance as well as the scaled time profiles of the concentration fluctuation integral time scale exhibit self-similar forms that are independent of atmospheric stratification and downwind fetch.     

基于掌上电脑(PDA)的人工影响天气扩散模拟系统

简要介绍了一种基于掌上型计算机的人工影响天气中催化剂扩散模拟系统及开发方法,其系统设计思想和技术要点。系统着眼于把催化剂扩散的理论研究成果转化为计算机应用技术,能够通过快速可视化计算处理,模拟人工影响天气催化剂的扩散过程,提供作业方案辅助设计等功能,并且使用操作比较简便。系统开发中针对人工影响天气作业需求,进行系统分析和设计,具有合理的数据结构、软件结构及可视化和方便的人机交互界面。     

Reservoir-type water source vulnerability assessment: a case study of the Yuqiao Reservoir,China

ABSTRACT

In this study, we developed a method to assess reservoir-type water source vulnerability (WSV) and adapted the method to the Yuqiao Reservoir (in Tianjin in North China). First, we identified the factors that influence reservoir vulnerability and selected suitable indexes for vulnerability assessment. Second, the CRITIC, AHP and integrated weighting methods were applied to quantify the index weight. Third, the information diffusion method was applied to process the index data. Finally, the vulnerability of the Yuqiao Reservoir was assessed, and the results showed that the vulnerability of the Yuqiao Reservoir is high, with social factors (i.e. the road traffic system, automatic management control system, potential menace in evaluation scope, destructive man-made accidents, emergency management plan, and per capita water consumption) being the main reasons.     

葫芦岛沿岸海陆风特征及其环境效应

利用葫芦岛观测站1980—2009年观测资料,分析了葫芦岛沿岸海陆风风速的季节特征和日变化规律,以及海陆风环流对沿岸环境的影响。结论如下:1)葫芦岛站点在冬季出现海陆风日数最多,其他依次为秋季、夏季和春季。陆风风速从春季到冬季呈现递减趋势;海风在春季最大,其次为秋季的,冬季的最小。总体上,海陆风日中海风要强于陆风。2)对海陆风风速椭圆拟合结果表明,海陆风在10:32由陆风转化为海风,海风在16:32达到最大,在21:42由海风转化为陆风,陆风在04:32达到最大。3)由于海风的存在,沿岸地带在春夏两季日最高气温在12时出现,秋冬季的在13时出现。4)能见度日变化在四季中表现一致,早晨能见度转好的时刻比最低气温出现时刻滞后约2 h,在海风维持较长时间后空气绝对湿度增加导致能见度开始转差。5)冬季静止型海陆风日比例最高,再循环型海陆风日在秋季出现最多,而夏季通风型海陆风日出现最多。