Instruments, Detectors and the Future of Astronomy with Large Ground Based Telescopes

Results of a survey of instrumentation and detector systems, either currently deployed or planned for use at telescopes larger than 3.5 m, in ground based observatories world-wide, are presented. This survey revealed a number of instrumentation design trends at optical, near, and mid-infrared wavelengths. Some of the most prominent trends include the development of vastly larger optical detector systems (> 10⁹ pixels) than anything built to date, and the frequent use of mosaics of near-infrared detectors – something that was quite rare only a decade ago in astronomy. Some future science applications for detectors are then explored, in an attempt to build a bridge between current detectors and what will be needed to support the research ambitions of astronomers in the future.     

MORALITY,SPACE, AND THE POWER OF WIND‐ENERGY LANDSCAPES

ABSTRACT. Most of us have not known—or cared—where our electricity comes from. Our attitude is changing, however, as we turn toward wind energy, now the fastest‐growing renewable energy resource in the world. Because we cannot extract and transport the raw energy of the wind, reaping its many environmental benefits requires that we cope with the landscape presence of its development wherever it occurs. Sometimes this interferes with the value of open space, and sometimes it may be close to subdivisions. It is the immobility and very visibility of wind power that makes its presence unavoidable. In that regard it cannot be hidden underground, stored in tanks, or moved by trains. It is an energy resource that reminds us that our electricity comes from somewhere. The more we wish to tap the power of the wind, the less we will be able to avoid the responsibilities that our demand for energy brings. This necessary bargain, first evident near Palm Springs, California, is now being experienced wherever wind power is being developed.     

Grinding of mineral mixtures in high-pressure grinding rolls

Attempts at improving comminution machines generally have been directed towards increasing the performance efficiency, particularly increasing throughput rate and decreasing energy consumption. The latest and most successful new comminution technology has been the high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR), which have proved to be highly efficient in energy consumption and to have a relatively high throughput rate at low steel consumption. Already used extensively in cement plants worldwide, the first HPGRs in the mineral industry were installed in plants processing diamond ores. They are now finding their way into the large-scale base-metal mining industry. Since feed constituents in natural ores vary in their physical properties such as hardness, plasticity and brittleness, the present paper is concerned with an investigation of the behavior of a heterogeneous feed as it passes through the HPGR. The effect of feed composition on operational parameters, the energy efficiency of comminution, and energy distribution among the feed components is addressed. Mineral particles with high hardness act as energy transfer agents in the roll gap and enhance the grinding of softer mineral particles in a mixed feed.     

祁连山区风吹雪对积雪质能过程的影响

风吹雪是山区积雪水文过程的重要组成部分. 采用祁连山区冰沟流域2008年积雪期观测数据, 通过对风吹雪实地观测分析、风吹雪的发生概率、风吹雪迁移以及风吹雪升华等分析, 从野外观测、计算模拟两个方面对祁连山区风吹雪质能过程进行了详细探讨. 结果表明: 位于流域海拔较高处(海拔4 146 m)的研究区垭口站, 风吹雪现象较为显著, 因之造成的积雪重新分布极为严重. 垭口站风吹雪频发于冬季及初春融雪未发生时, 积雪在风速作用下迁移量较大; 而进入融雪期之后, 因气温上升、雪面融化以及再冻结, 风吹雪发生概率急剧减小. 风吹雪在积雪升华中占有较大比重, 2008年积雪期, 垭口站风吹雪升华估算值约占积雪升华(包括雪面升华)的41.5%.     

京西北地区近震波速、平均波速比及地壳厚度的测定

本文选取原台ＤＤ－２型地震仪在１９９８－１９９９年间记录清晰、可靠的５０次张北地震和记录到Ｐｎ震相的２５次地震资料。通过计算,得到京西北地区直达波的平均传播速度为：Ｖｐｇ＝５．９９ｋｍ／ｓ,Ｖｓｇ＝３．４７ｋｍ／ｓ,平均波速比Ｖｐｇ／Ｖｓｇ＝１．７３,京西北地区的地壳厚度为４１Ｋｍ。     

瑞利阻尼对砂土场地非线性地震响应的影响分析

在地震荷载作用下,自由场地会产生土体侧向变形和地表响应放大现象。由于土体的高度非线性,计算自由场地地震响应时,不同的阻尼比及剪切模量取值是造成其计算结果与试验结果相差较大的原因之一。目前动力计算常采用瑞利阻尼方法,其系数取值会在一定程度上影响计算结果。选用两模态简化瑞利阻尼系数计算方法,分析土体阻尼比及控制频率的取值对计算结果的影响,对比离心机模型试验,利用开源有限元平台OpenSees,采用适合于土体动力分析的多屈服面本构模型(PDMY),建立剪切梁模型模拟三维自由场地,并分析瑞利阻尼参数对自由场地地震响应和侧向变形计算结果的影响。结果表明,针对相对密度为60%的Nevada干砂,阻尼比为4%、控制频率比为5时,场地响应计算结果与试验结果较为符合。综合分析显示场地非线性响应时域计算时,应特别注意选用的瑞利阻尼参数值。     

Interaction among fractures and stress field computation of fracture systems

ＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｓａｎｄｓｔｒｅｓｓｆｉｅｌｄｃｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓＺｈｉ－ＬｉＺＨＡＮＧ（张之立）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢ...     

能谱CT在急性肺栓塞诊断及肺血流灌注变化评估中的应用

目的：探讨能谱CT对急性肺栓塞诊断及肺血流灌注变化评估的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2017年11月至2019年7月43例怀疑急性肺栓塞的影像资料,所有疑似急性肺栓塞患者行能谱增强扫描,原始数据图像在工作站重建肺动脉血管图像及碘基物质图。观察并记录肺动脉栓子的位置、数目;分析碘基物质图中肺内血流灌注降低区的位置及数目,并测量肺内血流灌注降低区的碘基值及CT值,同时测量同层面或邻近层面正常肺实质的碘基值及CT值。混合能量图像与最佳单能量图像对栓子检出的数量比较采用卡方检验,血流灌注减低区与正常区域碘基值、CT值比较采用两样本秩和检验。结果：明确诊断肺动脉栓塞12例,采用混合能量图像观察发现栓子256个,其中中心型栓子（肺动脉主干、肺叶栓子）22个,外周型（肺段、肺亚段栓子）234个;完全闭塞型栓子58个,非完全闭塞型栓子198个。采用最佳单能量图像观察发现栓子273个,其中中心型栓子（肺动脉主干、肺叶栓子）22个,外周型（肺段、肺亚段栓子）251个;完全闭塞型栓子74个,非完全闭塞型栓子199个。最佳单能量图像在诊断外周型及完全闭塞型栓子较混合能量图像能增加检出数量,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。肺内血流灌注减低区42处,血流灌注减低区（（2.70±1.81）100μg/mm³、（-829±45.94）HU）与正常区域肺野（（17.78±3.29）100μg/mm³、（-741±34.34）HU）碘基值、CT值比较,差异有统计学意（P<0.05）。结论：能谱CT对肺栓塞能进行定性和定位诊断,碘基物质图能够评价肺血流灌注变化,为评估肺栓塞病情提供信息。     

Characteristics of the low energy seismicity of central Apulia (southern Italy) and hazard implications

The central part of the Apulia region, in southern Italy, has been generally considered practically free from significant level of seismicity, but historical documentation, geological indicators and recent instrumental observations suggest that the activity of local minor tectonic structures could have been masked (and partly also induced) by that of major seismogenic structures located in the neighbouring regions. A revision of the central Apulia seismicity characteristics was conducted considering its space and time distribution, energy release rate and focal mechanisms, in view of possible hazard implications. To better constrain the seismicity rates inferable from the set of available historical data, special attention was paid to the declustering of a catalogue of low energy events (magnitude < 3.5) instrumentally detected in about 20 years: a new declustering procedure, useful for cases like to the one at hand, was purposely devised taking into account the peculiarity of local seismicity characteristics and the limitations of the available database. The results obtained by combining instrumental and historical data show that this area is affected by a rather sporadic seismicity, likely associated to a general tensional regime and possibly stimulated by the interaction with Apenninic and northern Apulia seismogenic activity. Even though less energetic, the local seismicity contributes to increase the moderately damaging shaking probability due to the activity of seismic sources located in the near areas, so to justify the adoption of at least a minimum level of caution in relation to the local definition of seismic protection measures.     

改进型数据加窗法的高程粗差剔除研究

利用摆动式单波束探测水下微地形时,因掠射角、底质特性等因素对回波信号的影响,导致数字高程粗差产生。本文根据摆动式单波束的探测原理和工作特点,对多波束测量中的数据加窗法进行改进:将回波能量作为探测点的内在属性参与确定起始加窗点;加窗点采用实测点,并要求起始加窗点尽可能靠近整条测线上实测点的高程均值。由此提高了高程粗差剔除的准确性。在实际应用中,随机微地形的高程粗差被成功剔除。