基于北斗卫星通信的地震应急指挥系统研究

北斗卫星导航系统是我国自主建设、独立运行、具有完全知识产权的卫星导航系统。其兼具定位及通信功能的独有技术优势特别适用于大震后通讯中断的地震应急环境。本研究将北斗卫星通信技术及地理信息技术结合应用于地震应急指挥系统的建设中：基于北斗卫星定位技术解决灾害现场人员的位置追踪;利用北斗短报文技术解决盲区紧急通信问题;采用串口通讯、多线程、SHH2框架、Web GIS等技术构建数据采集、解析及综合呈现平台。最终完成集位置监控、灾情上报、统计展示、指挥调度于一体的北斗应急指挥系统建设,进一步提升了重大地震灾害的应急救助信息保障能力。     

RESEARCH ON EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY MAPPING METHOD BASED ON TEMPLATE MATCH

After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue are important ways to mitigate earthquake-induced losses. Various earthquake emergency maps can provide effective references and guidance to those actions. Currently, related studies include the investigation on symbols of emergency maps, remote sensing emergency mapping and GIS-based mapping methods. However, the existing studies overlook the characteristics of rapidity, dynamicity and variety of presentation methods in making earthquake emergency maps. In this paper, a map template matching method is used to quickly make earthquake emergency maps considering their characteristics. We take investigations on the service objects(users)of the earthquake emergency maps to understand the needs of making earthquake emergency maps. The audience theory in mass media field and map information transmission theory are adopted to classify the users of the earthquake emergency maps into four categories: earthquake emergency commanders, technical staffs for decision-making, earthquake emergency rescuers, and the public. The components of different types of users are described and then their diverse demands in earthquake emergency maps are analyzed, such as the needs of on-field disaster information maps, earthquake information maps, physical geography and social economic maps. Following those needs, we introduce the representation methods of the earthquake emergency maps according to their formats(vector or raster)and contents, such as point symbolization method, kilometer grid method, line symbolization method and range method. Then, we study the rapid plotting method of earthquake emergency map based on map template matching method. The core steps of the method include: 1)before earthquake, the templates of different earthquake emergency maps are designed, prepared and connect the earthquake emergency features with their related spatial database. The map layout and map elements are stored in the templates. 2)After earthquake, the earthquake emergency features will be generated from seismic models(such as attenuation model of earthquake magnitude and seismic intensity)or the information obtained from field investigation. 3)Corresponding earthquake emergency map template is selected in accordance with the generated seismic features. And the features are used to update related features inside the selected template. 4)Minor adjustments are made such as to the map scale and some map annotations to finally generate the formal earthquake emergency map. Architecture of template system of the earthquake emergency maps is designed, including map user level, map template level, template layer level and map element level. Regrading to the architecture, the general map template of earthquake emergency is presented which includes four main regions: title region, main picture region, auxiliary region and annotation region. The main picture region is the essential, which lays geographic background maps and earthquake emergency features. Finally, an earthquake emergency mapping system is developed. Based on the system, a case study is presented, which demonstrates making a simulated seismic intensity influence map. From three aspects, the case presents the application of the template-matching method including: generating earthquake emergency features, substituting the features inside the template with the generated features, and revising map annotations. Therefore, the map template matching method is verified so that it can be used to quickly generate various earthquake emergency maps.     

基于应急基础数据库的城市防震减灾能力评价指标研究

城市防震减灾能力是一个涉及因素众多的复杂体系,对它的评估也是涉及到地震科学、社会科学和经济科学的交叉学科问题。对城市承受地震灾害能力进行科学合理的评估并有针对性的加强其薄弱环节是减轻城市地震灾害的有效方法之一。在已有的防震减灾能力评价体系研究的基础上,利用现有的地震应急基础数据库数据项,提出一个简化的城市防震减灾能力指标体系,快速评估城市的防震减灾能力。     

2010年4月14日青海玉树地震破裂过程快速反演

基于远震资料的破裂过程反演方法,通过反演2010年4月14日玉树地震的全球宽频带地震垂直向P波波形记录,先后4次反演得到了玉树地震的破裂过程,并比较和讨论了这4次结果.结果表明,玉树地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①地震主要由两次子事件组成,分别对应于震中附近以及震中东南方向上的两块滑动量集中的破裂区域,其中与第2次子事件对应的震中东南方向上滑动集中的区域破裂贯穿至地表;②最大滑动量和最大滑动速率分别为2.1m和1.1m/s,断层滑动速率较大;③玉树地震总体上是一次单侧破裂事件,破裂从初始破裂点(即仪器测定的震源位置)开始,主要向震中东南方向扩展,由"地震多普勒效应"导致在震中东南方向上产生强烈能量聚焦,是玉树城区遭受严重破坏在震源方面的主要原因.     

Rescue Operations and Demolition Works: Automating the Pneumatic Removal of Small Pieces of Rubble and Combination of Suction Plants with Demolition Machines

The main problem in the rescue of people buried alive in damaged buildings are pieces of rubble with a diameter less than 150 mm. Since they cover the whole site, it is neither possible to scrutinize the structure of the rubble nor to estimate the dimensions of beams, columns, and parts of ceilings. The central idea of a project at the University of Karlsruhe, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, is the automatic removal of small pieces of rubble by a suction unit. The computer-controlled pipe which is fastened to the boom of an excavator automatically follows the structure of the heap of rubble. Therefore, it can also work in areas which are out of the driver’s visible range. The suction plant replaces the dangerous manual removal which is current standard. Furthermore, a pneumatic extraction system has been designed and constructed in combination with demolition machinery, e.g. crushers and dry wire-saw technologies, to immediately suck off the crushed material (reinforced concrete, masonry).     

美国城市搜索与救援体系的组成及运作模式概述

美国城市搜索与救援体系是世界上最完善的体系之一，多年来在城市救灾和应对突发事件中发挥了重要作用，减轻了生命和财产的损失。文章概述了美国城市搜索与救援体系的组成、任务、运作原则和管理机构及支援机构。     

地震灾害现场救援搜索策略与搜索方法有关问题的讨论

对地震灾害现场的搜索策略和搜索方法等有关问题进行了讨论，推荐了常用的搜索策略，对不同搜索方法的利弊进行了分析；对搜索方法的使用也做了讨论。通过讨论，文章就搜索分队的组成、任务、装备和部署等提出了建议。     

广东省地震应急指挥中心信息系统设计与实现

一个功能完善且实用的地震应急指挥中心信息系统,有利于在大震应急时在时间和空间上掌握震情和灾情,便于有效地抗震救灾,最低限度地减少损失。介绍了广东省地震应急指挥中心信息系统的技术思路和功能。     

城市地震应急对策支持系统研究

从地震灾害学理论和地震应急工作需求出发,讨论了应急工作的内容和层次,提出了应急目标和应急资源的定义;并对城市地震应急对策支持系统的总体设计、功能模块、数据库、模型库以及系统的实现方法等方面进行了探讨。