高放废物地质处置北山预选区旧井和新场花岗岩填隙方解石同位素地球化学

为了探讨高放废物地质处置甘肃北山预选区旧井和新场预选地段的古地下流体来源、成因、化学演化历史以及水-岩相互作用,文章系统研究了该地段花岗岩填隙方解石的产出特征及其碳、氧、锶同位素的组成特征。测试结果表明,旧井和新场方解石的δ13 C组成均较稳定且为负值(分别为-11.6‰~-5.7‰和-9.9‰~-5.1‰);δ18 O分别为-0.7‰~19.7‰和10.9‰~21.9‰,旧井方解石具有更宽的δ18 O取值范围。87 Sr/86 Sr也略有差异,旧井为0.708584~0.718749,新场为0.708838~0.732967,二者随深度增加而呈明显的降低趋势。研究表明,北山预选区地下流体来源及成因较复杂,浅部地下水受大气降水的影响较大,深部流体则主要源于地下咸水,为低温流体蚀变成因。花岗岩裂隙中的水-岩反应强度总体较弱,地下水环境相对稳定。相比较而言,新场岩体深部的地球化学环境更稳定,更有利于高放废物的长期处置。     

铀成矿作用、核废物地球化学处置与吸附作用的关系

在不同类型的工业铀矿床的矿石中,吸附状态的铀占了很大的比重,铁钛氢氧化物、硅胶、粘土、有机质等是常见的主要吸附剂。本文利用朗缪尔等温式、弗仑德里奇等温式、D-R等温式,讨论了粘土矿物(主要是高岭土、蒙脱石)对溶液中铀的吸附作用,对吸附作用在铀成矿作用、核废物处置中的意义作了详细的讨论,认为吸附作用是一种重要的成矿作用。     

国产高分系列卫星在森林火灾应急处置中的全流程应用——以四川九龙县三岩龙乡“4·08”森林火灾为例

四川西部高山峡谷地貌发育,山高林密且地质环境恶劣,区内林草资源丰富,森林火灾多发、易发、频发,灾害应急处置难度大,防控任务重。国产高分系列卫星影像具有时空分辨率高、载荷类型多、机动性强、幅宽范围大、成像迅速等优点,对川西地区森林防灭火、灾害应急处置及防灾减灾等有明显优势。以2021年四川九龙县三岩龙乡“4·08”森林火灾为例,利用国产高分系列卫星数据分别对森林火灾初期、中期及晚期开展应急处置,包括快速解译林火火灾救援要素(初期)、感知亮温异常态势(中期)、跟踪监测过火区动态(中期)、结合火场需求提供应急扑救部署建议(中期)、开展灾损解译评估(晚期)及火后泥石流易发性评价(火后)等,结果表明国产高分系列卫星对森林火灾应急处置的全流程应用具有实践指导意义。     

处置单元核素135Cs迁移数值模拟研究

根据高放废物地质处置库概念设计,以北山花岗岩为参考岩性,内蒙古高庙子膨润土为参考缓冲材料,使用数值模拟软件tough2对放射性核素¹³⁵Cs在处置单元及其围岩中的迁移行为进行了数值模拟研究,考虑放射性核素衰变释热对核素迁移的影响。研究表明:膨润土对核素具有较强的滞留作用,模拟200000年后核素在花岗岩中迁移了1 m左右,且峰值为10-6个数量级;前10 a模型的温度变化最剧烈且温差最大,10 a后模型整体温度开始降低,2 000 a后整体温度接近于初始温度;温度的变化会引起核素迁移速率的改变,但总体温度对核素迁移的影响不大。     

Flow of groundwater with variable density and viscosity, Atikokan Research Area, Canada

 Flow of groundwater with variable density and viscosity was simulated at the Atikokan Research Area (ARA) in northwestern Ontario, Canada. An empirical viscosity–concentration equation was modified to include total-dissolved-solids (TDS) data from the ARA. The resulting equation was used successfully to estimate reasonably accurate viscosity values over the expected range of temperature and concentration, in comparison with experimental values derived for sodium chloride solutions. A three-dimensional finite-element code, MOTIF, developed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, was used in the simulations. The inclusion of the effects of depth-increasing temperature and TDS-dependent fluid-density distribution, while maintaining only a temperature-dependent viscosity relationship in a simulation, resulted in a more penetrative flow against expected buoyancy effects (i.e., the physics of the system was not honored). Accounting for concentration in the viscosity equation caused water to be less penetrative and more in accordance with the expected physics of the system. A conclusion is that fluid concentration should be considered simultaneously in calculating the density and viscosity of a fluid during modeling of variable-density flow in areas underlain by fluids with high TDS. Results of simulations suggest that both flow directions and magnitudes should be employed simultaneously during the calibration of a model. Large-scale groundwater movement in the ARA may be analyzed with carefully selected vertical no-flow boundaries. By incorporating the geothermal temperature gradient, groundwater recharge increases by 12%; thus, this gradient plays a significant role in groundwater flow at the ARA. Variability in the fluid concentration at the ARA neither decreases nor increases recharge into the groundwater system. The hypothesis that an isolated continuous regional flow system may exist at depth in the ARA is not supported by these simulations. Received, September 1996 Revised, September 1997, February 1998 Accepted, February 1998     

Risk Assessment,Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood,Canada

The prevention and/or mitigation offlood disasters requires continual research, numerouscapital investment decisions, and high-qualitymaintenance and modifications of flood-controlstructures. In addition, institutional and privatepreparedness is needed. The experience offlood-control in North America has shown mixedoutcomes: while flood frequency has declined duringthe last few decades, the economic losses havecontinued to rise. Recent catastrophic floods havealso been linked to major structural interventions inthe region. The flood diversions may cause harmfuleffects upon the floodplain inhabitants by influencingflood levels in areas which are not normallyflood-prone. The increasing vulnerability of thefloodplain inhabitants poses new challenges and raisesquestions concerning the existing risk assessmentmethods, institutional preparedness and responses todisaster-related public emergencies, and local-levelpublic involvement in flood mitigation efforts.In the context of the catastrophic 1997 floods of theRed River Valley, Manitoba, Canada, this researchfocuses on two aspects of flood-related emergencygovernance and management: (i) the functions andeffectiveness of control structures, and (ii) theroles, responsibilities and effectiveness oflegislative and other operational measures. The studyconcludes that the flood-loss mitigation measures,both in terms of effects of control structures andinstitutional interventions for emergency evacuation,were not fully effective for ensuring the well-beingand satisfaction of floodplain inhabitants. Althoughorganizational preparedness and mobilization to copewith the 1997 flood emergency was considerable, theirsuccess during the onset of the flood event waslimited. Lack of communication and understandingbetween institutions, a reluctance to implementup-to-date regulations, and minimal publicparticipation in the emergency decision-making processall contributed to the difficulties experienced byfloodplain inhabitants.     

轴流转桨式机组水电站事故闸门设置方式初探

近年轴流转桨式机组水电站进水口事故闸门有两种布置方式,一门一机布置和多门一机布置.本文结合轴流转桨式机组特性,阐述防止机组飞逸的保护措施.然后通过两种布置方式的优缺点比较,建议采用一门一机的方式.     

浙江青田某高切坡滑动破坏及对策

受暴雨及台风影响,青田某高切坡多次发生滑动破坏。本文分析得出该滑坡发生的原因在于①切坡形成过早,边坡裸露时间太久,支护未及时跟上;②暴雨作用;③斜坡本身结构特征;④地下水的高动水压力作用等。并且针对滑坡特征提出了一系列应急对策。因此具有一定理论和实际意义。     

贵州某机场的主要工程地质问题分析及其处理措施建议

贵州某机场为山区高填方机场，最大填方高度近60m，场址沟谷发育，基底为软硬交替的、顺倾向岩层的斜坡地区，笔者就该机场的主要工程地质问题一边坡稳定问题、沉降问题、地表水和地下水的排泄问题进行了不同程度的研究并提出了相应的处理措施。     

An elastoviscoplastic constitutive model for geomaterials: Application to hydromechanical modelling of claystone response to drift excavation

An isotropic elastoviscoplastic constitutive model based on a generalized Hoek-Brown criterion is proposed. The plastic mechanism is characterized by a positive and a negative hardening, and a specific non-associated flow rule allows to take into account the evolution of the dilatancy. Several hydromechanical finite element simulations corresponding to realistic configurations of drift excavations in the underground research laboratory of Bure are presented. Regularization techniques are required to avoid localization phenomena due to softening. A second gradient formulation has been used as it is well suited for dilatant materials such as claystone. Numerical results are discussed and compared with experimental measurements.