一种非公网环境下应急GIS平台消息发送方法

针对非公网环境下的应急GIS平台指挥决策信息传递受限问题,提出了一种不依赖于互联网的消息传递方法。采用ADB+Web Service技术实现内网环境下指挥决策者与一线救援人员间的消息传递,有效地解决了非公网环境下的指挥决策信息传递问题。相较于传统方式,保证了应急平台的灵活性与独立性,降低了平台维护成本,同时由于减少了第三方运营商代理接口的运作环节,从整体上提高了决策指挥者与救援单位间的通信效率,保障了救援工作的及时性与高效性。研究结果对解决应急管理工作中存在的实际问题具有重要的现实意义。     

沈阳城市应急避难场所的识别、空间格局与服务功能

以沈阳市为例,运用高分辨率遥感影像识别城市应急避难场所,采用空间插值、波段集统计等方法刻画应急避难场所空间分布及其与人口的空间匹配性,通过栅格成本分析和加权Voronoi图等方法测算空间可达性并划分其服务区范围。研究表明:(1)沈阳市应急避难场所分布呈现出"小集聚、大分散"的基本格局,与人口分布的空间匹配性差;(2)应急避难场所可达性表现出空间异质性,大型用地对整体格局起到主要塑造作用;(3)研究区域可划分为14个较为明确的应急避难场所服务区,不同服务范围在空间上存在大小、数量和构成上的差异。最后,从城市安全视角对沈阳市应急避难场所的空间布局提出优化建议,为政府部门决策提供科学依据与政策参考。     

Use of Geospatial Data and Technology for Wilderness Search and Rescue by Nonprofit Organizations

Geospatial data and tools are key in locating lost or missing persons in as short a time as possible. In this study, we used a geographic information system (GIS) to analyze four years of search and rescue (SAR) mission data from Colorado to determine the appropriate use of GIS for volunteer-based SAR organizations with limited resources and GIS expertise. GIS can provide more sophisticated analyses of geospatial data than simple mapping technologies, but our findings indicated that complex spatial analysis might not be required on all missions, because the majority of missions were completed within six to ten hours. Instead, new technologies such as tablets with mapping software and online GIS systems that provide quick and easy access to up-to-date geospatial data such as imagery offer capabilities that could improve mission planning. Here we provide a framework in which SAR missions can apply geospatial technologies to aid with missions, identify critical “hotspots,” and enhance postanalysis and training. The work here is highly applicable for nonprofit SAR groups when deciding on what GIS technologies to consider for their areas.     

Integrating multi-agent evacuation simulation and multi-criteria evaluation for spatial allocation of urban emergency shelters

The timely and secure evacuation of residents to nearby urban emergency shelters is of great importance during unexpected disaster events. However, evacuation and allocation of shelters are seldom examined as a whole, even though they are usually closely related tasks in disaster management. To conduct better spatial allocation of emergency shelters in cities, this study proposes a new method which integrates techniques of multi-agent system and multi-criteria evaluation for spatial allocation of urban emergency shelters. Compared with the traditional emergency shelter allocation methods, the proposed method highlights the importance of dynamic emergency evacuation simulations for spatial allocation suitability analysis. Three kinds of agents involved in evacuation and sheltering procedures are designed: government agents, shelter agents, and resident agents. Emergency evacuations are simulated based on the interactions of these agents to find potential problems, for example, time-consuming evacuation processes and road congestion. A case study in Jing’an District, Shanghai, China was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. After three rounds of simulation and optimization, new shelters were spatially allocated and a detailed recommended plan of shelters and related facilities was generated. The optimized spatial allocation of shelters may help local residents to be evacuated more quickly and securely.     

面向地震应急准备的居民地遥感提取及量化分析

运用灰度共生矩阵、数学形态学等方法提取新疆新源地区高分一号2 m分辨率影像居民地信息,运用目视解译、影像叠加分析、缓冲区分析等方法,进行居民地量化分级,为地震应急准备提供数据支持。结果表明：研究区在地震烈度为Ⅷ度及以下区域,埋压主要集中在单层结构为主的建筑区;当地震烈度高于Ⅷ度且造成多层建筑大面积倒塌时,县城等人口密集区为首要救援区;在地震应急准备时,应对交通条件三等区和交通条件四等区重点关注,增加应急物资储备点,对山区居民地,应考虑道路毁坏情况,转换救援方式,做好应急预案。     

西部测图移动应急安全自救保障系统研究

移动应急安全自救保障系统是整个"西部测图工程"安全保障体系建设中的最重要组成部分。本文从"西部测图"移动应急安全自救保障建设实际需求出发,结合当前PDA硬件资源的特点,在分析测区作业特点的基础上探讨了系统建设的整体架构以及系统建设的需求特征,并详细阐述了系统的数据组织结构模型,最后给出了系统的相关功能实现和应用。     

Geoscientific R&D for high level radioactive waste disposal in Sweden — current status and future plans

SKB (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB) is responsible for all handling, transport and storage of the nuclear wastes outside the Swedish nuclear power stations. According to Swedish law, SKB is responsible for an R&D-programme needed to take care of the radwastes. The programme comprises, among others, a general supportive geo-scientific R&D and the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) for more in-situ specific tasks.

Sweden is geologically located in the Fennoscandian shield which is dominated by gneisses and granitoids of Precambrian age. The Swedish reference repository concept thus considers an excavated vault at ca. 500 m depth in crystalline rocks. In this concept (KBS-3), copper canisters with high level waste will be emplaced in deposition holes from a system of tunnels. Blocks of highly compacted swelling bentonite clay are placed in the holes leaving ample space for the canisters. At the final closure of the repository, the galleries are backfilled with a mixture of sand and bentonite. This repository design aims to make the disposal system as redundant as possible. Although the KBS-3 concept is the reference concept, alternative concepts and/or repository lay-outs are also studied. The main alternative, currently under development at SKB, is disposal in boreholes with depths of 4–5 km. The geoscientific research will to a great extent be guided by the demands posed by the performance and safety assessments, as well as the constuctability issues. Some main functions of the geological barrier are fundamental for the long-term safety of a repository. These are: bedrock mechanical stability, a chemically stable environment as well as a slow and stable groundwater flux. The main time-table for the final disposal of long-lived radioactive waste in Sweden foresees the final selection of the disposal system and site during the beginning of next decade.     

基于移动平台的测震应急流动台现场监控系统的设计与实现

流动测震观测是在大地震发生以后开展的一项重要的地震应急响应工作,能够获得震区高质量的地震数据,而野外环境的复杂性对测震应急流动台的架设提出了较高的要求。本文通过对地震应急流动现场工作进行需求分析,设计并实现了一种基于IOS系统的测震应急流动台现场监控系统,能够让现场工作队员快速获取流动台数据和状态信息,有利于流动台的快速架设,提高了应急流动观测现场工作的效能。     

城市地震应急避难场所展示系统的设计与实现

针对城市应急避难场所信息化建设过程中存在的问题,以天津市地震应急避难场所的实际情况为数据基础,开发了基于Google地图API技术的城市地震应急避难场所展示系统。该系统实现了应急避难场所信息查询、地图量测、避难场所最优路径和应急避险科普宣传等公共服务功能。系统的设计与实现不仅有利于城市居民及时方便准确地获取居住地周围地震应急避难场所空间分布信息和应急避险等知识,同时在城市突发灾害后的抢险救灾、疏散及安置居民等方面起到重要作用。     

基于国普数据的芦山县地震应急基础数据更新及其应用研究

通过研究地理国情普查数据和四川省芦山县地震应急基础数据库的数据类型、数据结构及二者间的关系,完成了地理国情普查数据向芦山县地震应急基础数据的转换与更新;并以芦山地震为例,利用城镇地震应急快速评估系统验证了更新后数据的可靠性。