Tectonics of a fast spreading center: A Deep-Tow and sea beam survey on the East Pacific rise at 19°30′ S

Sea Beam and Deep-Tow were used in a tectonic investigation of the fast-spreading (151 mm yr^-1) East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 19°30 S. Detailed surveys were conducted at the EPR axis and at the Brunhes/Matuyama magnetic reversal boundary, while four long traverses (the longest 96 km) surveyed the rise flanks. Faulting accounts for the vast majority of the relief. Both inward and outward facing fault scarps appear in almost equal numbers, and they form the horsts and grabens which compose the abyssal hills. This mechanism for abyssal hill formation differs from that observed at slow and intermediate spreading rates where abyssal hills are formed by back-tilted inward facing normal faults or by volcanic bow-forms. At 19°30 S, systematic back tilting of fault blocks is not observed, and volcanic constructional relief is a short wavelength signal (less than a few hundred meters) superimposed upon the dominant faulted structure (wavelength 2–8 km). Active faulting is confined to within approximately 5–8 km of the rise axis. In terms of frequency, more faulting occurs at fast spreading rates than at slow. The half extension rate due to faulting is 4.1 mm yr^-1 at 19°30 S versus 1.6 mm yr^-1 in the FAMOUS area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Both spreading and horizontal extension are asymmetric at 19°30 S, and both are greater on the east flank of the rise axis. The fault density observed at 19°30 S is not constant, and zones with very high fault density follow zones with very little faulting. Three mechanisms are proposed which might account for these observations. In the first, faults are buried episodically by massive eruptions which flow more than 5–8 km from the spreading axis, beyond the outer boundary of the active fault zone. This is the least favored mechanism as there is no evidence that lavas which flow that far off axis are sufficiently thick to bury 50–150 m high fault scarps. In the second mechanism, the rate of faulting is reduced during major episodes of volcanism due to changes in the near axis thermal structure associated with swelling of the axial magma chamber. Thus the variation in fault spacing is caused by alternate episodes of faulting and volcanism. In the third mechanism, the rate of faulting may be constant (down to a time scale of decades), but the locus of faulting shifts relative to the axis. A master fault forms near the axis and takes up most of the strain release until the fault or fault set is transported into lithosphere which is sufficiently thick so that the faults become locked. At this point, the locus of faulting shifts to the thinnest, weakest lithosphere near the axis, and the cycle repeats.     

辽东湾S2冰侧限剪切强度的试验研究

利用试验方法系统地研究了辽东湾S2型海冰侧限剪切强度随剪切应变速率、加载方向、法向应力、温度和冰内孔隙率的变化规律。介绍了S2型海冰各向异性特点及剪切应变速率对剪切破坏方式的效应和韧脆破坏转变的条件。分析了不同加载方向海冰峰值剪切强度的差异 ,获得 - 6 2℃温度下S2冰内摩擦角和内聚力分别为 42°和 70 0kPa。利用统计分析给出峰值剪切强度与冰温和孔隙率的试验关系     

珠江三角洲网河区水位变化趋势研究

根据珠江三角洲网河区29个验潮站的实测验潮记录,应用傅氏变换与最平滤波器串联的方法来消除月均序列的周期波动对确定水位变化趋势的影响,由低通序列一元线性回归分析确定各站水位的变化趋势;结果表明,周期波动对确定海平面变化趋势的影响是显著的.应用经验正交函数(EOF)对网河区的水位变化场进行分解,由相互独立的时间函数和空间特征函数表征网河区区域的水位变化特征;应用时间特征函数计算区域水位的平均变化率为0.02mm/a.根据验潮站的水位变化趋势,探讨网河区水位变化与河床冲淤的关系.     

中、低纬太平洋ARGO测站Rossby内波垂直模态的数值计算

针对中、低纬太平洋ARGO测站的4个实际层结个例,计算了无背景流下准地转海洋Rossby内波的垂直模态。结果表明,海水层结垂直方向的不均匀和跃层的存在,使该垂直模态的波型发生了歪曲变形,致使其偏离了余弦波：跃层越强,这种变形也越大：层结最强的层次对应着最大的波动振幅,多极值的层结对应着多个极大振幅：该内波垂直结构函数的零点随模态序数依次递增,且其零点在海水层结较强的层次要比较弱的层次密集。     

GPS高程拟合方法精度分析

近年来人们往往利用GPS数据来确定大地高,但大地高不同于正常高,为此,利用多项式拟合与地球重力场模型相结合的数学方法,使GPS所测大地高通过这些数学模型直接转换为具有厘米精度的正常高,将该方法得到的正常高与单独利用多项式拟合和地球重力场模型得到的结果进行了比较,其差值的标准差为±38 cm。     

三维弹性侧壁液舱内液体晃动波面的实验研究

通过物理模型实验,对弹性侧壁液舱和刚性液舱内液体晃荡问题进行了研究。由于流固耦合的影响,弹性侧壁液舱内液体晃荡的最低阶固有频率稍小于同尺寸的刚性液舱内液体晃荡的最低阶固有频率。液舱模型处于纵向简谐激励作用下,其中激励频率在最低阶固有频率附近。实验分析两种相对液深比h/L=0.167和h/L=0.333,在二阶模态的次共振和一阶模态的共振状况下,对弹性侧壁液舱与刚性液舱内不同测点的波面、振幅谱和晃动波高进行对比分析。结果表明:在浅液深(h/L=0.167)一阶共振下,流固耦合对波面形态的影响比较明显,弹性侧壁液舱内测点晃动波高明显大于刚性液舱内对应测点波高;而在一般液深(h/L=0.333)一阶共振下,水弹性效应减弱,弹性侧壁液舱与刚性液舱内对应测点处波高差异较小。     

Influence of long‐period filter cut‐off on elastic spectral displacements

The effect of the long‐period filter cut‐off, T_c, on elastic spectral displacements is investigated using a strong ground‐motion database from Europe and the Middle East. The relation between the filter and oscillator responses is considered to observe the influence of T_c for both analogue and digital records, and the variations with site classification, magnitude, filter order and viscous damping. Robust statistics are derived using the re‐processed European data to generalize the effects of the long‐period filter cut‐off on maximum oscillator deformation demands as a function of these seismological and structural features. Statistics with a 95% confidence interval are derived to suggest usable period ranges for spectral displacement computations as a function of T_c. The results indicate that the maximum period at which spectral displacements can be confidently calculated depend strongly on the site class, magnitude and filter order. The period range where reliable long‐period information can be extracted from digital accelerograms is twice that of analogue records. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂岩碎屑组份变化对库车坳陷和南天山盆山演化的指示

为研究库车坳陷中-新生代物源变化与南天山构造演化的关系,对该坳陷中-新生界砂岩进行了系统取样,应用Dickinson砂岩分析方法详细研究了其沉积背景和物源变化。库车坳陷中-新生代沉积物源始终为再造山旋回带,自老到新砂岩中不稳定岩屑组份的含量有规律地变化:从三叠系到侏罗系,岩屑组份中沉积岩岩屑含量最高;白垩系中变质岩岩屑增多;新生界特别是新近系,碳酸盐岩岩屑所占的比例很大。岩屑组份的这种变化反映了天山地区隆升和剥蚀的一个历史过程。随着山脉隆升幅度和剥蚀强度的加大,古生界变质岩和碳酸盐岩逐步接受剥蚀,并在白垩纪以后成为盆地沉积物的主要物源。根据风化指数半定量计算的结果,结合前人古气候的研究成果,早-中三叠世该区沉积物风化程度低,推测此时地形高差较大;在晚三叠世至晚侏罗世该区风化程度较高,地形起伏较低;白垩纪是一个转折期,沉积物风化程度由强转变为弱,地形高差在该期也有所增大;古近纪延续了这种趋势。新近纪以后地形高差显著加大,沉积物风化程度明显降低,说明此时南天山的隆升速率和库车坳陷的沉积速率都很快,源区与沉积区的距离很近。     

基于Fatti近似的弹性阻抗方程及反演

用Connolly的弹性阻抗(EI,elastic impedance)公式进行反演只能直接得到纵、横波速度和密度的信息,然后才可间接计算得到纵横波阻抗等其它的参数数据体,这样便增加了一步误差使数据的准确性降低.本文首先针对该方法的这些缺点和不足,提出了以Zoeppritz方程的Fatti近似为基础一种新的弹性阻抗公式,由该公式可得到比用Fatti近似更准确的反射系数,然后对这个公式进行了标准化以实现不同角度的弹性阻抗间量纲的统一,最后用标准化后的公式进行了反演,从反演得到的不同角度的弹性阻抗数据体中可直接提取得到纵横波阻抗数据体.应用实例表明用这种方法提取得到的纵横波阻抗更加稳定、准确,而且能很好地反映储层信息.这种新的方法是对以Connolly公式为基础的传统方法的改进.     

非线性弹性地基上矩形薄板的主参数共振

分析非线性弹性地基上受参数激励小挠度矩形薄板的主参数共振问题,由冯卡门方程和伽辽金方法得到系统的非线性振动方程,它是杜分-马休型方程,应用非线性振动的多尺度法得到平均方程。数值计算结果表明：阻尼系数、地基系数、几何参数对主参数共振曲线影响明显。