Structure, biomass distribution and trophodynamics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific

Biomass distribution and trophodynamics in the oceanic ecosystem in the Oyashio region are presented and analyzed, combining the seasonal data for plankton and micronekton collected at Site H since 1996 with data for nekton and other animals at higher trophic levels from various sources. The total biomass of biological components including bacteria, phytoplankton, microzooplankton, mesozooplankton, micronekton, fishes/squids and marine birds/mammals was 23 g C m⁻², among which the most dominant component was mesozooplankton (34% of the total), followed by phytoplankton (28%), bacteria (15%) and microzooplankton (protozoans) (14%). The remainder (9%) was largely composed of micronekton and fish/squid. Marine mammals/birds are only a small fraction (0.14%) of the total biomass. Large/medium grazing copepods (Neocalaus spp., Eucalanus bungii and Metridia spp.) accounted for 77% of the mesozooplankton biomass. Based on information about diet composition, predators were assigned broadly into mean trophic level 3–4, and carbon flow through the grazing food chain was established based on the estimated annual production/food consumption balance of each trophic level. From the food chain scheme, ecological efficiencies as high as 24% were calculated for the primary/secondary production and 21% for the secondary/tertiary production. Biomass and production of bacteria were estimated as 1/10 of the respective values for phytoplankton at Site H, but the role of the microbial food chain remains unresolved in the present analysis. As keystone species in the oceanic Oyashio region, Neocalanus spp. are suggested as a vital link between primary production and production of pelagic fishes, mammals and birds.     

尖刀蛏生化成分和营养价值评价

分析了尖刀蛏(Cultelles scalprum)肉的生化成分,并对其营养价值进行评定.结果显示:尖刀蛏的含肉率为60.3%,鲜肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量分别为84.21%、10.85%、1.31%和1.71%,人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的37.3%,不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪的43.1%,其中廿碳五烯酸(C20:5,EPA)和廿二碳六烯酸(C22:6,DHA)的含量分别占总脂肪的7.8%和15.7%.研究结果表明,尖刀蛏含肉率高,营养丰富,有较高的营养价值和保健价值.     

Cr^3＋在改善三元复合驱中的作用实验研究

在三元复合驱矿场应用实践中,由于三元复合体系自身流度控制能力的局限性,必须通过聚合物凝胶前置段塞来改善吸液剖面,这就涉及到聚合物凝胶与三元复合体系的配伍性。通过向三元复合体系中加入有机铬,考察Cr^3＋对三元复合体系黏度、界面张力和阻力系数等性能影响,进而对Cr^3＋聚合物凝胶与三元复合体系配伍性以及Cr^3＋在改善三元复合体系性能方面的作用做出评价。结果表明,Cr^3＋的加入对三元复合体系黏度和界面张力影响不大,但阻力系数和残余阻力系数却明显增加。当采用Cr^3＋聚合物凝胶作为前置段塞或采用添加Cr^3＋的三元复合体系进行复合驱油实验时,其采收率增加幅度都要高于普通三元复合驱。这不仅显示出Cr^3＋聚合物凝胶与三元复合体系间良好的配伍性,而且为改善三元复合驱增油效果提供了新的途径。     

遥感影像融合方法的精度评价

目前,高分辨率全色遥感影像和低空间分辨率的多光谱遥感影像融合是影像融合技术应用的主流.EN-VI 4.4遥感影像处理软件影像融合处理的工具--SPEAR提供了PCA变换、Gram-Schmid变换、Brovey变换和HSV变换4种专门用于全色与多光谱遥感影像融合的算法.以ETM+全色与多光谱遥感影像融合为例,选择熵、偏差和相关系数3个定量指标,对采用4种融合方法得到的影像进行评价.经综合评价和比较,实验的4种影像融合算法中,Gram-Schmidt变换效果最好.     

Growth of marine bacteria and ammonium regeneration from substrates in different C: N ratios

Natural assemblages of marine bacteria were chosen in a batch culture experiments. The impact of varying nitrogen substrate concentrations and the substrate C:N ratios (C:N_S) on the bacterial C:N ratio (C:N_B), the bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) and ammonium regeneration was mainly examined. The C:N_S ratios varied from 5:1 (carbon limitation) to 40:1 (nitrogen limitation) with varying combinations of glucose and NO₃^-. The C:N_B ratio had positive relationship with the C:N_S ratio (r=0.93, n=8), whose value was 3.77 when the C:N_S ratio was 5:1 but increased to 6.47 when the C:NS ratio was 40:1. These results indicate that the C:N_B ratio is a potential diagnostic tool for determining the bacterial growth in natural waters controlled by either, carbon or nitrogen. BGE decreased with the declining nitrate concentration and negatively related to C:N_s (r=-0.51, n=8). The average value of BGE was 0.20. This value was a little lower than other reports, which could be induced by the nitrogen source used in our experiments. Finally, regeneration time of ammonium delayed with the increasing C:N_S ratio, which indicates that there were different metabolism mechanisms when bacterial growth was limited by carbon source and nitrogen source.     

用于养殖环境调控的微生物制剂评价方法的研究

为尝试建立对不同微生物制剂产品的客观评价方法体系,选择5种商品化复合微生物制剂,进行了菌数和主要组成种类等测定,并利用天然或人工模拟的养殖污水进行了不同微生物制剂对氨氮、亚硝酸态氮、COD等降解效果的比较,以及微生物制剂活化增效后的效果比较等.结果表明,不同的商业化复合微生物制剂在有益菌含量和水质污染降解效果方面存在较大差异.另外,微生物制剂在海水和淡水中以及是否经过活化,效果也存在较大差异.     

湘江长沙段有螺洲滩不同灭螺措施效果评价

为了全面评价和考核湘江长沙段各洲滩近几年来采取的不同灭螺措施对洲滩钉螺(Oncomelania hu-pensis)螺情的影响,采用以系统抽样结合环境抽查的查螺方法,2003～2008年对湘江长沙段20个有螺洲滩进行了跟踪调查.结果表明,2008年与2003年相比,活螺洲滩数、有螺框出现率、钉螺平均密度和活螺率分别下降了40.00%,99.10%,99.74%,51.09%.经统计学处理,各洲滩有螺框出现率(Z=91.560 2,P<0.01)、活螺率(Z=65.133 2,P<0.01)不相同,但年度下降趋势明显.在20个有螺洲滩中,有感染性钉螺分布的洲滩5个,占有螺洲滩总数的25.00%;有感染性钉螺分布的洲滩逐年减少,感染性钉螺的平均密度和感染率逐年降低,2007～2008年所有洲滩无感染性钉螺分布.湘江长沙段有螺洲滩采取的各种防治措施中,药物与环改灭螺相结合的效果远好于单纯的药物灭螺.各种环改灭螺措施,又以抬洲降滩、翻耕垦种的灭螺效果更持久,更彻底.     

Application of matter-element model in soil nutrient evaluation of ecological fragile region

On the basis of the soil environment investigation in Da'an City, Jilin Province, China, 40 soil samples from main land use types were obtained and tested by standard method. Soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), total P (TP), total K (TK), available N (AN), available P (AP) and available K (AK) were chosen as the evaluation factors. A regional soil nutrient evaluation model was developed based on the matter-element model. The results show that the soil samples with nutrient grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ respectively account for 10%, 30%, 32.5% and 27.5%, and those with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 60% in all samples. The relationship between soil nutrients and land types indicates that the nutrients of farmland are relatively good, with 41.7% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The nutrients of saline-alkali land and sandy land are the worst, with 100% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. And the ratios of soil samples grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ in grassland and wasteland are respectively 62.5 % and 54.55%. Generally speaking, the soil nutrients status in Da'an City is poor, 60% of soil samples are in poor and extremely poor conditions, indicating that the soil has been severely eroded. Being a relatively superior evaluation method with more accurate resuits and spatial distribution consistency, matter-element analysis is more suitable for regional soil nutrient evaluation than previous models.     

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大豆蛋白废水处理中泡沫分离过程的数学模型

假设吸附过程始终处于平衡态、气泡大小均一以及每一个气泡均为正十二面体,构建了泡沫分离过程的数学模型.模拟了液池中蛋白质在气液界面上的吸附过程和泡沫层中气泡的失水过程,得出了富集比的表达式,可用于分离效果的预测.经验证,模型与实验条件下的泡沫分离过程基本符合.