GPS弦距与常规光电测距弦距的比较与分析

比较GPS弦距与常规光电测距弦距的差别，对分析GPS测量误差问题，解决GPS与地面数据联合平差中权的确定问题，以及检核GPS网的解算结果具有重要意义。本文利用一多期复测成果，对其中的一些问题作了初步探讨。     

无验潮模式下的GPS水下地形测量技术

传统的水下地形测量模式定型于利用GPS测定水底点的平面位置,利用测深仪测定水底点的深度,附之以瞬时潮位资料,获得点位的高程。这种模式在上述条件具备的情况下,可取得完满的结果。但当验潮条件不具备时,该模式将不能获得测点的高程。为了弥补这一缺陷,简化工作流程,提高水下地形测量的精度,本文提出了一种无验潮模式下的水下地形测量思想,该思想不用专门测定潮位,而直接利用GPS的RTK测量技术,辅之以姿态测量和补偿,从而获得高精度的水底点高程。该方法被验证是正确的,希望进一步推广应用。     

西南三江地区矿产资源遥感综合预测方法

详细阐述了矿产资源遥感综合预测方法的工作程序、控矿要素的数字化分析与遥感找矿模型的建立,以及遥感矿产的综合分析评价方法与应用等,并以西南三江中段遥感综合预测成果佐证了矿产资源遥感综合预测方法在矿产资源预测中能使野外调查工作更具预见性和目的性,从而大大缩短了矿产资源调查的工作周期。     

叶面积指数(LAI)的遥感定量方法综述

总结了当前遥感定量研究叶面积指数(LAI)的两种主要方法:统计模型法和光学模型法,阐述了各自的机理和研究进展,在此基础上,讨论了两种方法的优缺点及未来的发展趋势。     

东天山北麓2000多年以来的森林线与环境变化

依据吉木萨尔县泉子街乡桦树窝子和小西沟两个剖面进行高时间分辨率的孢粉分析，结合剖面岩性特征分析、历史文献记录和碳屑鉴定，揭示了天山北麓最近2000多年以来的环境变化。2000aB．P．以前，该地植被为荒漠草原；2000-1300aB．P．(50a B．C．-650A．D．)，植被为草原植被，其中1750—1400aB．P．(200—550A．D．)，植被为有少量森林的草原植被，当时气候状况较今凉湿，适宜云杉生长，使得云杉林带下移，幅度可达250m左右。当时的年均气温较今低1℃而降水量较高，是新疆历史上一个相对冷湿的环境；约1300—450a B．P．(650—1500A．D．)，植被为荒漠草原；4．50aB．P．年以来，植被为荒漠草原—草原。     

河北省粮食生产发展趋势及其地区差异

河北省2002年粮食作物播种面积为6484.4千hm2,其中小麦占37.8%,玉米39.7%;粮食、棉花、油料的种植比例为15.9:1.0:1.6。北部四地市粮食播面占全省的23.3%,南部七地市76.7%。2002年粮食总产2435.8万t,为1949年的5.2倍;粮食单产3756kg/hm2,为1949年的5.8倍;人均粮食362kg,为1949年的2.4倍。北部地区粮食总产占全省的17.2%,南部地区82.8%。据回归分析与双向差分建模分析,2010年粮食总产可达3087.5万t,粮食单产4478kg/hm2,人均粮食460kg。据灰关联分析,影响粮食总产的主要因子有:粮食单产、农副产品收购价格总指数(1978年=100)、农业机械总动力、农村用电量、农田化肥施用量与有效灌溉面积等。根据笔者预测,若2010年农业机械总动力达8989万kw,农村用电量240.8亿kwh,农田化肥施用量356.1万t,有效灌面4549.2千hm2,则其粮食单产可达4664kg/hm2;若2010年仍保持2000年小麦播面所占比例(0.387),玉米播面所占比例达0.439,则其单产可达4387kg/hm2。     

Geomorphological and sequence stratigraphic variability in wave‐dominated,shoreface‐shelf parasequences

Abstract Physical stratigraphy within shoreface‐shelf parasequences contains a detailed, but virtually unstudied, record of shallow‐marine processes over a range of historical and geological timescales. Using high‐quality outcrop data sets, it is possible to reconstruct ancient shoreface‐shelf morphology from clinoform surfaces, and to track the evolving morphology of the ancient shoreface‐shelf. Our results suggest that shoreface‐shelf morphology varied considerably in response to processes that operate over a range of timescales. (1) Individual clinoform surfaces form as a result of enhanced wave scour and/or sediment starvation, which may be driven by minor fluctuations in relative sea level, sediment supply and/or wave climate over short timescales (10¹?10³ years). These external controls cannot be distinguished in vertical facies successions, but may potentially be differentiated by the resulting clinoform geometries. (2) Clinoform geometry and distribution changes systematically within a single parasequence, reflecting the cycle in sea level and/or sediment supply that produced the parasequence (10²?10⁵ years). These changes record steepening of the shoreface‐shelf profile during early progradation and maintenance of a relatively uniform profile during late progradation. Modern shorefaces are not representative of this stratigraphic variability. (3) Clinoform geometries vary greatly between different parasequences as a result of variations in parasequence stacking pattern and relict shelf morphology during shoreface progradation (10⁵?10⁸ years). These controls determine the external dimensions of the parasequence.     

The use of inclined hemisphere projections for analyzing failure mechanisms in discontinuous rocks

This paper demonstrates the advantages of using inclined stereographic projections in kinematic analysis of rock blocks in discontinuous rock masses. Some examples of limiting cases are presented. The application of inclined projections is illustrated by its use in a mine slope in Brazil. It is clear from the discussion of these examples that inclined hemisphere projections provide better results than horizontal projections. It is also demonstrated that horizontal projections can lead to incorrect results in limiting cases.     

Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan

A disastrous earthquake rocked Taiwan on September 21, 1999, with magnitude M_L=7.3 and an epicenter near the small town of Chi-Chi in central Taiwan. The Chi-Chi earthquake triggered landslide on the dip slope at the Chiufengershan. In this study, a review of the topography and geology of this area was followed by field investigations. Laboratory testing was applied to understand the geomaterial composing the slope. Then, based on a series of limit equilibrium analyses, the failure mechanism of this landslide and the risk of the residual slope were studied.

According to the stability analyses, the pre-quake slope is quite stable, with factor of safety of 1.77 (dry) to 1.35 (full groundwater level); explaining why there is no written record of a landslide here for the past 100 years. In contrast, a back analysis shows that the Chi-Chi earthquake-induced dynamic loading is far more than the dip slope can sustain, due in part to the short distance to the epicenter. A Monte Carlo type probability analysis suggests that the residual slope is more dangerous than the pre-quake slope and needs more attention.     

Spatial probabilistic modeling of slope failure using an integrated GIS Monte Carlo simulation approach

Spatial probabilistic modeling of slope failure using a combined Geographic Information System (GIS), infinite-slope stability model and Monte Carlo simulation approach is proposed and applied in the landslide-prone area of Sasebo city, southern Japan. A digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area has been created at a scale of 1/2500. Calculated results of slope angle and slope aspect derived from the DEM are discussed. Through the spatial interpolation of the identified stream network, the thickness distribution of the colluvium above Tertiary strata is determined with precision. Finally, by integrating an infinite-slope stability model and Monte Carlo simulation with GIS, and applying spatial processing, a slope failure probability distribution map is obtained for the case of both low and high water levels.