Analysis of channel transmission losses in a dryland river reach in north‐eastern Brazil using streamflow series,groundwater level series and multi‐temporal satellite data

Scarcity of hydrological data, especially streamflow discharge and groundwater level series, restricts the understanding of channel transmission losses (TL) in drylands. Furthermore, the lack of information on spatial river dynamics encompasses high uncertainty on TL analysis in large rivers. The objective of this study was to combine the information from streamflow and groundwater level series with multi‐temporal satellite data to derive a hydrological concept of TL for a reach of the Middle Jaguaribe River (MJR) in semi‐arid north‐eastern Brazil. Based on this analysis, we proposed strategies for its modelling and simulation. TL take place in an alluvium, where river and groundwater can be considered to be hydraulically connected. Most losses certainly infiltrated only through streambed and levees and not through the flood plains, as could be shown by satellite image analysis. TL events whose input river flows were smaller than a threshold did not reach the outlet of the MJR. TL events whose input flows were higher than this threshold reached the outlet losing on average 30% of their input. During the dry seasons (DS) and at the beginning of rainy seasons (DS/BRS), no river flow is expected for pre‐events, and events have vertical infiltration into the alluvium. At the middle and the end of the rainy seasons (MRS/ERS), river flow sustained by base flow occurs before/after events, and lateral infiltration into the alluvium plays a major role. Thus, the MJR shifts from being a losing river at DS/BRS to become a losing/gaining (mostly losing) river at MRS/ERS. A model of this system has to include the coupling of river and groundwater flow processes linked by a leakage approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽东新岭铅锌银矿床成因：来自锆石U-Pb年龄、闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄和H-O-S-Pb-He同位素证据

辽宁新岭铅锌银矿床位于华北克拉通东北缘,矿体赋存于古元古代辽河群变质岩中,受断裂构造控制。为了确定新岭矿床的成岩成矿时代、成矿流体和物质来源及其与中生代岩浆活动的关系,文章对新岭矿床开展了详细的矿床地质特征、年代学及同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,新岭矿床内与成矿有关花岗斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(227.3±1.5)Ma。5件闪锌矿样品的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(222.9±2.9)Ma,初始Sr同位素比值为0.7104,确认新岭成岩成矿时代为晚三叠世。成矿流体的δ¹⁸O_W值介于4.7‰～7.6‰,δD_W值介于-97.7‰～-82.0‰,指示成矿流体主要为岩浆热液。黄铁矿³He/⁴He值介于0.15～0.21 Ra,进一步揭示成矿流体具有壳-幔混源特征。黄铁矿样品的LA-ICP-MS原位δ³⁴S值介于+3.9‰～+7.2‰,均值为+5.5‰。6件闪锌矿样品的铅同位素组成为²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17...     

柴达木盆地第四系放射性异常及成因机制

运用地质、物探、水文等多种手段,在分析异常区沉积环境、水文地质环境、砂体物质成分等基础上,对第四系航放异常的成因作了深入研究,确认:①异常元素主要来自于Q3-4自身碎屑物的淋离;②异常在空间上受Q3-4冲积扇前缘泥坪相与潜水氧化还原界面控制,因此认为该异常对成矿过程研究有重要价值,但对指导深部找矿意义不大.     

用卫星资料反演中国西北地区东部蒸散量的遥感模型

根据定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地的麦田微气象观测和研究区的124个气象站常规资料,结合NOAA-16/AVHRR的资料,采用地表能量平衡算法的卫星遥感模型估算了中国西北地区东部4～8月的日蒸散量及其区域分布,并按气候和土地利用类型分别统计灌溉农田、干旱草地、冬春小麦农田、针阔混合林、常绿林和沼泽草甸等不同地表的蒸散量平均值和标准差,揭示了作物不同生育期自南到北由湿润的常绿林区至半干旱雨养农田直到干旱的荒漠地带的蒸散递减的分布特征.模型探索了卫星遥感无法得到近地层气温的难点,从而提高计算精度.经试验区54站蒸发皿推算的日蒸散量检验,相对误差为16.6%,与定西用LI500型CO₂/H₂O通量仪实测的日蒸散量误差仅16.2%.结果表明计算的蒸散量与实测值在整个试验区内有良好的一致性.     

Planktonic foraminiferal turnover across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Vajont valley (Southern Alps, northern Italy)

Planktonic foraminiferal analysis of the Erto section in the Vajont valley (Southern Alps, northern Italy) reveals a relatively complete succession across the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. The turnover of planktonic foraminiferal fauna was studied for a stratigraphic interval spanning theAbathomphalus mayaroensisZonep.p., Pseudotextularia deformisZone,Guembelitria cretaceaZone,Parvularugoglobigerina eugubinaZone,Eglobigerina eobullioidesSubzone, andParasubbotina pseudobulloidesZonep. p.The extinction of most large, ornate, late Maastrichtian species occurs below a black ‘boundary clay’ (2–4 cm thick); however, part of the Late Cretaceous species, mainly heterohelicidids and hedbergellids, were found over an interval of more than 100 cm above the boundary. Although a relatively high number of species occur for the last time in the main extinction phase, the abundance of these outgoing species is less than 20% of the total population; unkeeled or weakly keeled, simple-shaped forms (heterohelicids, globotruncanellids, hedbergellids) constitute the bulk of the planktonic foraminiferal population both in uppermost Maastrichtian and lowermost Danian beds. The first Tertiary species (‘Globigerina’minutulaand ‘Globigerina’fringa) appear just above the ‘boundary clay’;Parvularuglobigerina eugubinaoccurs a few centimeters above. A marked increase in abundance and diversity in the Tertiary planktonic foraminiferal population occurs at the base of theEoglobigerina eobulloidesSubzone.     

黑龙江省东部麻山群黑云斜长片麻岩中锆石的年龄及其地质意义

采自西麻山煤矿附近的麻山群黑云斜长片麻岩中，分离出了较多的锆石。采用单颗粒锆石逐级蒸发沉积法对其进行了定年研究，获得的１０粒锆石的２０７Ｐｂ／２０６Ｐｂ年龄相当一致，平均值为５２７．５±４．４Ｍａ。所测岩样经岩石学和矿物学研究均未发现有显著的后期叠加变质作用，因此，可以认为所测样品的主变质作用发生在寒武纪早－中期，而不是早前寒武纪。麻山群的原岩时代可能也不全是早前寒武纪，而更可能是一个较复杂的岩石构造地层单位，需要将其解体、重新认识和命名。     

东秦岭商丹构造带主要地质体的同位素年龄及其构造意义

东秦岭商丹构造带内的武关岩群大陆裂谷火山-沉积岩系、松树蛇绿岩、丹凤岩群岛弧型火山-沉积岩系及主要岩浆侵入岩体主体形成于中、新元古代。中元古代是北秦岭地壳的主要垂向增生时期，晋宁期沿商丹构造带发生洋-陆俯冲-碰撞造山作用，导致北秦岭地壳的形成和侧向增生。     

塔里木盆地东北部新元古代花岗质岩浆活动及其地质意义

库车坳陷东部侵入于元古宇基底变质岩中的黑云母二长花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性岩系,岩石具有富硅(SiO2=75.77%～77.79%)、高碱(Na2O+K2O=6.90%～7.95%)、富钾(K2O/Na2O=1.21～1.98)、低TiO2(0.06%～0.13%,平均0.08%)和准铝质(铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.92～1...     

应用奇异值分解与二维经验模型分解提取金矿化致矿重力异常

奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)和二维经验模型分解(bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition,BEMD)2种方法用于鲁西铜石金矿田的金矿化致矿重力异常提取.通过对比研究得出如下结论:①基于重力数据,由BEMD和SVD 2种方法获...     

东秦岭陡岭杂岩花岗岩的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征及其地质意义

东秦岭陡岭杂岩中甘沟、三坪沟和封子山等花岗岩体SiO2含量变化大,低碱、高钠,富集LREE和LILE,贫HFSE,亏损Nb、Sr、P和Ti,具准铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩的特征。吐雾山岩体富Si、碱,高Al,贫Ca、Mg,稀土元素总量高,Eu负异常强,富集Rb、Th、U和Pb,明显亏损Sr、P和Ti,显示了A2型花岗岩的地球化学特征。2类花岗岩体Nd-Pb同位素组成基本一致,指示源自相同的物质源区,地球化学特征的差异主要为岩浆分异演化途径不同所致。它们的Pb同位素组成明显不同于北秦岭基底岩系及同时代花岗岩的高放射性成因Pb,与南秦岭和扬子地块基底岩系低放射成因Pb同位素组成类似,表明这次花岗岩浆活动是新元古代中期扬子地块统一陆块形成过程中岩浆活动在秦岭地区的反映,与北秦岭构造带无任何成因联系。