昆仑山口西8.1级地震应急工作概况及震后有关问题的思考

从震害损失评估、震后监测预报、初步科学考察、震后社会对策等几方面，对昆仑山口西8．1级地震应急工作进行了概述。通过对加强青藏构造块体及其边缘地区的地震监测预测及防震减灾工作紧迫性、重要性的分析，提出了震后工作设想和措施。     

依靠科学技术进步全面推动防震减灾工作--青海省地震局(队)成立30年科技工作回顾

对青海省地震局(青海省地震队)成立30年来防震减灾科学技术工作取得的主要进展进行了简要回顾，对今后工作要点进行了初步分析。     

Geochemistry of Peruvian near-surface sediments

Sixteen short sediment cores were recovered from the upper edge (UEO), within (WO) and below (BO) the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Peru during cruise 147 of R/V Sonne. Solids were analyzed for major/trace elements, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, total sulfur, the stable sulfur isotope composition (δ³⁴S) of pyrite, and sulfate reduction rates (SRR). Pore waters were analyzed for dissolved sulfate/sulfide and δ³⁴S of sulfate. In all cores highest SRR were observed in the top 5 cm where pore water sulfate concentrations varied little due to resupply of sulfate by sulfide oxidation and/or diffusion of sulfate from bottom water. δ³⁴S of dissolved sulfate showed only minor downcore increases. Strong ³²S enrichments in sedimentary pyrite (to −48‰ vs. V-CDT) are due to processes in the oxidative part of the sulfur cycle in addition to sulfate reduction. Manganese and Co are significantly depleted in Peruvian upwelling sediments most likely due to mobilization from particles settling through the OMZ, whereas release of both elements from reducing sediments only seems to occur in near-coastal sites. Cadmium, Mo and Re are exceptionally enriched in WO sediments (<600 m water depth). High Re and moderate Cd and Mo enrichments are seen in BO sediments (>600 m water depth). Re/Mo ratios indicate anoxic and suboxic conditions for WO and BO sediments, respectively. Cadmium and Mo downcore profiles suggest considerable contribution to UEO/WO sediments by a biodetrital phase, whereas Re presumably accumulates via diffusion across the sediment-water interface to precipitation depth. Uranium is distinctly enriched in WO sediments (due to sulfidic conditions) and in some BO sediments (due to phosphorites). Silver transfer to suboxic BO sediments is likely governed by diatomaceous matter input, whereas in anoxic WO sediments Ag is presumably trapped due to sulfide precipitation. Cadmium, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Ag, and T1 predominantly accumulate via biogenic pre-concentration in plankton remains. Rhenium, Sb, As, V, U and Mo are enriched in accordance with seawater TE availability. Lead and Bi enrichment in UEO surface sediments is likely contributed by anthropogenic activity (mining). Accumulation rates of TOC, Cd, Mo, U, and V from Peruvian and Namibian sediments exceed those from the Oman Margin and Gulf of California due to enhanced preservation off Peru and Namibia.     

Groundwater inflow and associated transport of phosphorus to a hypereutrophic lake

Hydrogeochemical data from lake, sediment pore, and well waters were used to quantify groundwater seepage and the associated transport of phosphorus to Lake Persimmon, Florida, USA. The data show that lake chloride concentrations vary as a function of lake elevations that are controlled by groundwater inflow. A whole-lake average seepage rate, estimated using a simple one dimensional advection-diffusion model fitted to the lake chloride profile, currently averages 2.3 ± 0.3 cm yr^-1 and is in reasonable agreement with the rate of advective flow obtained from the pore water chloride profile. The ratios of nutrient regeneration versus sulfate consumption indicate that the phosphorus enrichment in deeper portions of sediment pore water is most likely a result of groundwater phosphorus transport through sediment. Thus, the net inputs of groundwater phosphorus to the lake, calculated using the deep pore water phosphorus concentration, are about 7.4 ± 4.3 mg P m^-2 yr^-1 and comparable with recent in situ estimates from seepage meters. This study provides a simple hydrogeochemical method for estimating hydrologic and phosphorus inputs via groundwater to the lake, thereby supporting current efforts for lake management.     

Experimental study on reduction of U (VI) by an anaerobic bacterium, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella putrefaciens</Emphasis>: Application to sandstone-hosted interlayer oxidation-zone type uranium deposits,China

An experimental study on reduction of U (VI) by anaerobic bacteria, Shewanella putrefaciens, is first reported here in China. The experimental conditions were: 35°C and pH= 7.0-7.4, corresponding to a physicochemical environments in which the sandstone-hosted interlayer oxidation-zone type uranium deposit formed in Northwest China’s Xinjiang. Bacteria adopted in the present experiment, Shewanella putrefaciens, occur extensively in natural environment. Our study shows that nano-crystal precipitates of uraninite quickly occurred on the surface of the cells within one week. It was found that the pitchblende was characterized by a random arrangement of uraninite nanocrystals (2-4 nm) in it, significantly different from natural pitchblende in which uraninite nanocrystals are arranged in order. Finally, a possible mechanism of uranium biomineralization by microorganisms in the deposits is discussed. Our investigation may supply a technical train of thoughts for bioremediation of nuclear-contaminated water environments and for underground dissolving extraction of the sandstone-hosted uranium ores.     

数字城市和防震减灾信息管理系统

防震减灾信息管理系统的主要目的是对城市面临的地震及其次生灾害进行分类、评价和减灾效果研究。数字城市从全局性的角度集成城市各个方面的要素,是对城市整体的统一数字化认识。防震减灾信息管理系统的建设是数字城市的一个重要组成部分。数字城市建设的基础是空间数据的应用。基础数据的有效更新成为防震减灾信息系统存亡的关键。数字城市目前是以电子政务作为主流发展方向,防震减灾辅助决策优化和实用化并与电子政务的结合为新一代防震减灾信息系统建设提出了新目标。防震减灾信息系统与数字城市的有力结合,可以提高地震应急反应能力,有效减轻地震灾害的损失。这种结合的困难和问题表现在:数据标准化、数据的可用度、合适的支撑系统和与电子政务的结合等方面     

沉积环境的氧化还原性对重排甾烷形成的作用

陆东凹陷上侏罗统生油岩样品饱和烃色质分析表明，重排甾烷随井深出现含量下降的逆转现象，表明热演化不完全是这类化合物形成的主要控制因素。重排甾烷的分布与岩石中的粘土矿物组成关系也不密切，意味着各种粘土矿物的酸性催化作用无明显差别。经研究发现，重排甾烷的形成与沉积环境的氧化还原性有关。在Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ小于０.５的缺氧强还原地层中由于甾烯碳骨架的酸性重排作用受到抑制，因而所形成的重排甾烷很少；随Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ增加，沉积环境变为弱氧化-氧化时，重排甾烷含量显著增高，表明在成岩作用过程中沉积物中的含氧性是这类化合物形成的主要因素.     

SS—1型地震开关的研制

地震报警系统的开发与部署已受到广泛的关注。地震开关是其中关键的技术手段。研究表明：地震发生的Ｐ波与Ｓ波具有不同的传播速度与振动方式，Ｓ波是造成震灾的主要原因而其传播速度要经Ｐ波慢得多。根据Ｐ波振幅与震灾的关系及其振动方式、频率域、时间域的特征，可以从干扰背影中同地震时首先到达的Ｐ波，如符合判据，就发出报警信号及控制命令；疏散人员，切断次生灾害源，达到减灾的目的。通过响应调整可以排除一些人为的、自然     

塔里木盆地中新生代红层的次生还原作用与铀矿化

通过对塔里木盆地北缘中新生代地层中铀矿化现象与油气关系的讨论，认为铀矿化主体聚集发生在伴有热述原过程中的构造活化期，即晚第三纪一第四纪之间的台湾运动，深部油气沿着构造渗入到上覆中新生代地层中，形成大范围的还原地球化学环境。次生还原作用在本区被认为是铀成矿的有利因素。矿化成因为原生红层中封存的含氧含铀层间水同沿断裂进入的还原溶液互相作用的结果。在分析铀矿成因的基础上，将岩石地球化学进行了分带。通过对各合矿层地质背景分析，并考虑到地汉开采的前提条件，预测出库车一二八台地区上新统为可供地浸的砂岩型铀矿成矿远景区。