尾矿坝非饱和带滞水曲线模型的建立及应用

尾矿坝非饱和带的滞水现象是影响坝体稳定性的重要因素。基于尾矿沉积物土工技术的经验参数,建立了含水率与基质吸力的经验模型。经黄山岭铅锌矿尾矿坝和试验室模拟分析验证,预测结果与实际观测结果基本吻合。     

Water Resource Development in the Quaternary Ryukyu Limestone Regions of Japan:Application of the GIS to the Site Selection of Underground Dams

Based on the natural and social conditions as well as hydrogeological characteristics of the Ryukyu limestone, a major aquifer in the Ryukyu Islands, a conception of underground dam, was proposed in the early 1970s in order to develop ground water resources in the Quaternary Ryukyu limestone regions of Japan. The practice of nearly thirty years has shown that the underground dam is an environment-friendly and effective way for developing ground water in these regions.To further improve the technology associated with underground dam, the authors introduced related analytic methods. The application of the geographical information system technology to site selection of the underground dam is reported in this paper.     

瀑布沟大坝心墙拱效应分析

在总结前人提出的拱效应系数基础上,对拱效应系数的公式进行了改进,认为拱效应系数应该是实测土压力与上覆土压力和孔隙水压力之和的比值。结合瀑布沟大坝监测资料,用改进的拱效应系数计算公式对大坝心墙拱效应进行计算,并对心墙内拱效应进行动态分析。在施工期,施工工艺是影响大坝心墙拱效应系数的主要因素,填土在仪器埋设以上0～20 m时,拱效应系数较大,随着填土的增加拱效应系数减小,施工期坝体内应力分布在蓄水初期起决定性作用。在蓄水期,心墙上游侧拱效应系数与水位变化呈反相关联,拱效应系数比下游同高程和0+001 m处大;0+001 m处拱效应系数与水位变化呈正相关联,且此处拱效应系数最小;心墙下游处拱效应系数与水位变化呈正关联的关系,在心墙与基岩接触处拱效应系数大于100%。产生这种规律的原因主要有湿化、渗流、水力劈裂作用,三者共同影响,从而导致心墙内应力发生变化。     

均质土坝管涌发展过程的渗流场空间性状研究

堤坝发生管涌破坏时,渗流场具有强烈的空间特性,管涌发展过程的数值模拟对于堤坝工程管涌预防与治理都具有重要的参考价值。提出以一维通道嵌入三维块体的方法,克服了在三维问题有限元模拟方法上存在的困难。在探讨均质土坝管涌发展过程模拟方法的基础上,使用数值方法分析了土坝管涌发展过程的渗流场时空分布特性;揭示了管涌发展过程中渗流力集中状况及其变化规律。研究表明,改善渗流场的形态是防治堤坝工程管涌的关键措施。     

国际大坝工程研究动态——‘95马来西亚大坝工程国际学术会议简介

笔者通过对参与’９５大坝工程国际学术会议共１２６篇论文及加拿大大坝安全协会所作的“加拿大大坝安全指南”学术报告的分析和归纳，就目前国际大坝工程研究中的大坝安全规范及管理，水电工程开发与环境保护，大坝地基处理，大坝筑坝关键技术及新型筑坝材料等五个方面的动态作了简介。     

新型双排管桩丁坝在胜利油田孤东海堤保滩促淤中的应用

在胜利油田孤东海堤堤前滩地的保滩促淤工程中,目前普遍使用的丁坝结构形式,要么容易被破坏,要么造价高昂、施工难度极大,为此,我们引入了新型双排管桩丁坝。双排管桩丁坝是以管桩技术为基础的一种新型丁坝结构形式,详细介绍了它的结构,以及在保滩促淤工程中的实施过程,并对其优、缺点进行了分析比较,指出了它的改进方向和应用前景。     

Experimental Study on Mechanism and Shape Characteristics of Suspended Flexible Dam

Hydraulic structures such as groin, longitudinal dike and seawall are common in water conservancy and water transportation engineering projects at home and abroad, which have long been dominated by solid mass structural form. With brush and stone as building materials, this kind of structure has an obvious engineering effect. However, it not only requires huge capital investments, but also has negative impacts on the ecological environment. The suspended flexible dam is an innovative engineering measure, and few theoretical and experimental researches of this type dam can be found at present. This paper studies the mechanism and shape characteristics of this dam and obtains the dynamic equilibrium equation of flexible dam, the float buoyancy expression, and the condition for transformation among three forms of the underwater shape of the dam. The results are valuable in engineering application and can be used as the reference for the future work due to the distinctive design philosophy, the small negative effects on environment and the consistency for sustainable development.     

Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915–2020

Tailings are the waste materials generated from mining activities and are typically stored in large man-made earthen dams in the form of slurry. Failures of such tailings dams can have deleterious effects on the environment and even impact areas that are miles away from the failed dam. In this study, we updated the existing tailings dam failure database developed by the International Commission on Large Dams and World Information Service on Energy and analyzed the impacts of dam failure over the past hundred years from a global perspective. In addition, we prepared a tailings dam spatial database. The impact of mine tailings dam failure on aquatic environments was also investigated using a proxy environmental indicator—the gray water footprint. The resulting information from the historical overview of dam failures, was used to map the risk associated with existing tailings dams as well as the magnitude of tailings dam failures. Furthermore, we integrated mining commodity production data and the tailings dam failure data. This revealed that the number of failures is rising once again, and the trajectory of dam failures has shifted from developed to developing countries. Only a few dam failure incidents have had significant impacts. Although safer technologies are available to manage mine waste, most extractive industries are yet to adopt such technologies into their standard practices. Moreover, the reluctance of mining companies for the public disclosure of information related to tailings dams and dam failures hinders efforts to establish a complete tailings dam database. We have provided up-to-date tailings dam information, which may be useful for extractive industries.     

A framework to assess the cumulative impacts of dams on hydrological regime: A case study of the Yangtze River

Comparisons of flow time series between preimpact and postimpact periods have been widely used to determine hydrological alterations caused by reservoir operation. However, preimpact and postimpact periods might also be characterized by different climatological properties, a problem that has not been well addressed. In this study, we propose a framework to assess the cumulative impact of dams on hydrological regime over time. The impacts of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on the flow regime of the Yangtze River were investigated using this framework. We reconstructed the unregulated flow series to compare with the regulated flow series during the same period (2010 to 2015). Eco‐surplus and eco‐deficit and the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) parameters were used to examine hydrological regime change. Among 32 IHA parameters, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and principal component analysis identified the October median flow, 1‐ and 3‐day maximum flows, 1‐day minimum flow, and rise rate as representative indicators of hydrological alterations. Eco‐surplus and eco‐deficit showed that the reservoir also changed the seasonal regime of the flows by reducing autumn flow and increasing winter flow. Changes in annual extreme flows and October flows lead to negative ecological implications downstream of the TGD. Ecological considerations should be taken into account during operation of the TGD in order to mitigate the negative effects on the fluvial ecosystem in the middle reach of Yangtze River. The framework proposed here could be a robust method to assess the cumulative impacts of reservoir operation over time.     

两江电站水库坝基帷幕灌浆施工工艺

两江电站水库坝基地质条件复杂,有多处断裂破碎带发育。在坝基处理过程中,采用流变性能好的水泥浆,通过合理的灌浆工艺,进行了钻孔帷幕灌浆施工,提高了坝基的承载力与防渗性能,取得了良好的施工效果。