重力坝应力-渗流相互作用的无单元耦合分析

应用两场交叉迭代解耦技术,建立了应力-渗流相互作用的无单元耦合分析计算模型。详细分析了东方红重力坝在不计应力-渗流耦合和考虑应力-渗流耦合两种情况下,正常蓄水时坝体的位移、应力和渗流位势分布的变化规律。分析表明,考虑耦合作用后,坝体的位移略小,但分布规律一致;坝体的水平正应力分布不同,垂直正应力变化较大,但分布规律一致;耦合作用条件下渗流对重力坝坝体应力的影响是不利的。计算成果符合一般规律。     

Distribution of erosion intensity in the Jingjiang reach influenced by the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidation of the fluvial processes influenced by dams provides better understanding of river protection and basin management. However, less attention has been given to the erosion intensity distribution of riverbeds and its association with channel morphology and hydrological conditions. Based on hydrological and topographic data, the spatial and temporal distributions of erosion intensity (2002–2014) influenced by the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) were analyzed for the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River. The mechanisms underlying the distribution of erosion intensity in response to hydrological conditions were investigated. The results are as follows: (1) The erosion intensities of different discharges were not uniform, and moderate flow (10 000–27 000 m³/s) produced the largest erosion magnitude among all flow ranges. Owing to the hydrological changes caused by flood reduction and prolongation of moderate flow duration after the TGD began operating, up to 70% of the erosion amount was caused by moderate flows. (2) The lateral distribution of erosion intensity was extremely uneven, as the proportion of cumulative erosion of the low‐flow channel within the bankfull channel reached 88% in 2013. This caused the channel to become narrower and deeper. (3) The longitudinal distribution of erosion intensity was inhomogeneous. The erosion intensity in the wide reaches was greater than that in the narrow reaches, leading to smaller differences in channel morphology along the river. (4) Changes in hydrological conditions influenced by the TGD, significant reduction of sediment concentration along with flood abatement, and increased duration of moderate flow discharges were the main factors affecting erosion distribution in the post‐dam period. Our conclusions can be applied to the Yangtze River as a basis for riverbed change estimations, and river management strategies. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Check dam layout optimization on the stream network for flood mitigation: surrogate modelling with uncertainty handling

The configuration of check dams and their numbers throughout a basin are important factors for reducing floods in downstream reaches of rivers. In this paper, a stochastic model based on surrogate modelling and Monte Carlo simulation, linked to an evolutionary optimization tool, is developed to assign the optimal sites and number of check dams on a stream network. To handle uncertainty of rainfall variables and their correlation structures, the copula method is employed and an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to emulate the computationally expensive hydrological model, HEC-HMS, within the optimization routines. The prepared modelling framework is applied to a mountainous basin to determine the arrangement of check dams in its sub-basins. The experimental results show that optimal strategies can reduce the expected value of peak flood discharges by up to 50%, with significantly lower costs or number of check dams, relative to a traditional approach with a large number of check dams in sub-basins, presenting a maximum of 21% efficiency.     

考虑堆石料空间变异性的土石坝坝坡地震稳定性随机有限元分析

本文探讨了筑坝堆石料的空间变异性对土石坝坝坡动力稳定性的影响。以新疆某在建高面板堆石坝为例,在蒙特卡洛法的框架下,采用基于局部平均细分法的随机有限元法模拟考虑筑坝堆石料空间变异性时土石坝的地震响应及坝坡滑移情况,通过对比随机有限元法和常规确定性有限元法的计算结果,提出:在地震动作用下,考虑筑坝材料空间变异性时,坝坡滑动体的数量、规模以及滑移量和滑动历时都有不同程度的增大,因而坝坡整体危险程度显著高于不考虑材料空间变异性的情况。坝坡各项动力安全性指标对筑坝材料空间变异性非常敏感;因而,考虑筑坝材料空间变异性时,各项安全性指标的离散性较大。     

某水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

某拟建高为22 m的混凝土重力坝坐落于第四系冰水堆积层之上。在大坝上下游水头差的作用下,产生库水渗漏。库水的大量漏失,不但可能使大坝蓄水达不到设计高程而影响工程效益,而且,水流的渗透作用还会导致地基岩（土）体的恶化,产生渗透破坏,影响大坝本身的安全。在现场调查基础上,用数值模拟方法评价了该水库在库内设置175 m长铺盖条件下的渗漏问题,计算了水库的渗流量、大坝基底的水力坡度。因其量值较大,必须在渗流出口处采取反滤层等工程措施,给相关部门提供设计依据和决策参考。     

混凝土大坝冻融破坏问题的数值计算分析

根据大坝上游水库水温和气温观测资料,建立了大坝上游水库水温和当地气温的回归模型。采用有限元数值计算方法,分析了混凝土大坝的温度场,研究了混凝土大坝由于气温变化引起的应力场交替变化。研究表明,由于气温随季节的交替变化,大坝下游面浅层的最大主应力远大于混凝土的抗拉强度,进而导致混凝土大坝下游面的冻融老化甚至破坏。计算结果表明,有限元数值模拟结果与现场勘查结果基本一致。     

湖口县双钟圩堤滑塌灾害综合物探调查效果及地质原因分析

本文在简单介绍地质雷达与高密度电法的工作原理及被查堤坝的地球物理参数特征的基础上 ,对湖口县双钟圩堤综合物探调查资料作了详细的分析解释 ,说明了综合物探方法在探查堤防工程隐患的实用效果 ;从探测结果与坝基的工程地质条件出发 ,着重阐明了该堤滑塌的地质原因与诱因 ;同时提出了对该堤的处理方法和目前正在带病运行的堤坝进行检测方法和必要性。     

大型崩滑堵江事件及其环境效应研究综述

详细介绍了目前国外对滑坡堵江自然灾害在各方面的研究现状,包括了滑坡堵江事件的识别研究、滑坡堵江天然堆石坝和堰塞湖的研究、骨坡堵江事件的灾害研究和天然堆石坝的合理利用和治理以及中国地质人员近几年在这类灾害研究中所做的工作,提出了堵江灾害研究中存在的问题和发展方向。     

Long-term monitoring revealed fish assemblage zonation in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Reservoirs are important artificial ecosystems that modify the hydrological and ecological characteristics of a river. Knowledge of the basic characteristics of fish assemblages in reservoirs is a first step toward the development of effective conservation policies. We used the information collected over a 10-year period (2006-2015) to assess the structure of the fish assemblages in the Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR) in a river-dam gradient. Three fish zones were detected in TGR. Species richness was the highest in the upper zone and lowest in the lower zone. The riverine zones were dominated by rheophilic species Coreius guichenoti and Pelteobagrus vachelli. The transitional zones were dominated by Coreius heterodon and Rhinogobio cylindricus. The lacustrine zones were dominated by eurytopic species Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Hemiculter bleekeri and Cyprinus carpio. For the functional characteristics, fish assemblages in riverine and transitional zones were dominated by insectivorous species, equilibrium strategists and rheophilic species (e.g., Coreius heterodon and Coreius guichenoti). In lacustrine zones, the fish assemblage was dominated by habitat generalists common to lakes and reservoirs (e.g., Hemiculter bleekeri, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis). Moreover, 18 exotic species (e.g., Protosalanx hyalocranius, Ictalurus punctatus, Megalobrama amblycephala, Tilapia) were collected in TGR, most of which only existed in the lacustrine zone. The results highlight the importance of freely flowing riverine reaches for conserving native fish in the upper Changjiang River and adaptive management strategies for fisheries in TGR.     

新型FMCW地基SAR和三维激光扫描仪在大坝变形监测中的应用

为解决传统大坝变形监测方法仅能获取点形变信息,且监测成本高、受环境影响大等问题,提出了结合快速地基合成孔径雷达(Fast-GBSAR)获取的高精度二维形变图和三维激光扫描仪生成的DEM,解决了雷达数据可视化程度低的问题。利用该技术对国内某大坝进行了健康监测并对形变原因进行了深入分析,库区潮汐对大坝水平形变产生周期性的影响。试验表明,Fast-GBSAR可以获取高精度的大坝形变信息,结合三维可视化技术,建立直观、高效与高精度的三维监测方式,为大坝的变形监测提供了可靠保障。