南昌地区建设用地空间扩展的广义转移概率模型建设与应用研究

对南昌地区城市发育约束因素的分析的基础上,基于非城市像元所处的城市化梯度、距离最近建成区斑块的距离、最近建成区斑块的规模、边缘像元的邻域水平等4个城市景观格局因子和道路及地形等两个社会经济和自然影响因子,构建了广义转移概率模型,并开展了相关的动态模拟研究。表明,与传统模拟方法相比,该模型具有比较理想的精度水平,模拟结果能够很好地反映南昌地区今后城市建设用地发展趋势,提出的模型手段改进设计获得了令人满意的效果,是对现行城市景观动态模拟研究工作的一个重要的方法论补充和完善。     

爆炸液化场地中浅埋钢筋混凝土结构动力响应的现场试验研究

饱和砂土地基在爆炸荷载作用下会发生液化,地基上的结构物将受到爆炸荷载及地基液化的双重作用,从而产生不均匀沉降和破坏性变形。基于大型现场爆炸液化试验,对场地上钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的动力响应和地基液化后RC结构的变形进行了分析研究。结果表明:液化场地中浅埋RC结构产生了明显的不均匀沉降,且最大沉降量达到结构高度的10%,结构差异沉降达到最大沉降量的1/5,结构沉降变形在液化后15 h时基本稳定;RC结构表面未产生明显的裂缝,动态拉、压应变均在400??以内,不会对结构造成显著破坏;结构动力响应表现为柱侧加速度峰值明显大于梁侧,但柱侧动力稳定所需时间较梁侧短,即柱承受了更大的瞬时冲击力且其抵抗瞬时冲击力的能力更强。研究结果可以为在可液化地基中的浅埋RC结构稳定设计等工程情况提供参考。     

新疆可持续协调发展动态分析与评价

作为“资源大区”的新疆,在中国经济发展中具有重要的资源战略地位、生态安全地位和沿边开放地位。实施可持续发展战略,走可持续发展之路,是新疆区域发展的必然要求。在构建区域可持续发展指标体系的基础上,依据1980-2003年的统计数据,采用组合评价法研究新疆可持续协调发展及其动态变化,并得出一些主要结论和启示。     

Stochastic generation of hourly rainstorm events

Occurrence of rainstorm events can be characterized by the number of events, storm duration, rainfall depth, inter-event time and temporal variation of rainfall within a rainstorm event. This paper presents a Monte-Carlo based stochastic hourly rainfall generation model considering correlated non-normal random rainstorm characteristics, as well as dependence of various rainstorm patterns on rainfall depth, duration, and season. The proposed model was verified by comparing the derived rainfall depth–duration–frequency relations from the simulated rainfall sequences with those from observed annual maximum rainfalls based on the hourly rainfall data at the Hong Kong Observatory over the period of 1884–1990. Through numerical experiments, the proposed model was found to be capable of capturing the essential statistical features of rainstorm characteristics and those of annual extreme rainstorm events according to the available data.     

东北平原西部沙地近10年的沙质荒漠化

东北平原西部沙地位于欧亚大陆中纬度巨型沙带的东部边缘，为我国沙质荒漠化土地的东缘，是我国自然环境最好的沙区，随着经济的发展，生态环境遭到严重破坏，沙质荒漠化景观日益明显，尤其是南部的科尔沁沙地，沙质荒漠化已十分严重，已经超过与其相邻的西部环境条件更差的沙区，利用RS和GIS，根据NOAA/AVHRR数据建立的沙质荒漠化监测指标，对东北平原西部沙地沙质荒膜化现代过程进行了动态监测，在此基础上利用TM数据对沙质荒漠化的发展方式与成因进行了深入的探讨，并有针对性地提出了区域沙质荒漠化的防治对策。     

The magmatic activity mechanism of the fossil spreading center in the Southwest sub-basin,South China Sea

Petrogeochemical data indicate that after the end of seafloor spreading,residual magmatic activity still exists in the deep basin of the South China Sea.By using different viscous structure models beneath the fossil spreading center of the Southwest sub-basin we simulated the amount of melt produced,the length of the melting period,and the thermal evolution process in terms of geothermics and the buoyant decompression melting mechanism.We compared the results of our model with observed heat flow,seismic,and petrogeochemistry data.The results show that depletion buoyancy induced by buoyant decompression melting plays an important role in the melting process,while retention buoyancy,thermal buoyancy,and viscous shear force have only a weak influence on the melting process.From the length of the melting period,we determined that for the three viscous structures models the magmatic activity lasted about 5,12,and 15 Ma.Under the effect of buoyant depression melting,local high-temperature areas will develop under the basin,which can explain the low-velocity layer detected by seismic exploration in the middle and upper lithosphere of the Southwest sub-basin.We also simulated the possible lithology distribution beneath the fossil spreading center with the physical conditions of different viscous structure,different temperature structure,and different melting fraction,which provided a greater understanding of the rock petrogeochemical data of the deep sea basin in the South China Sea.     

基于GWR模型的中国区域旅行社业效率空间分异及动力机制分析

基于DEA模型对中国31个省域的旅行社业效率空间分异特征进行了分析,首次运用GWR模型探索交通、资本、人才、信息化和经济动力对区域旅行社业效率影响的空间差异。结果表明：旅行社业效率在空间上具有正相关性和集聚特征,空间格局从“川”字型向“山”字型转变。各动力因子的系数均存在空间非平稳性。资本和人才动力的回归系数在空间分布上从南向北依次递减;经济动力的分布趋势为从北向南依次递减;交通动力对中西部地区旅行社效率提升的促进作用显著于东部地区;信息化动力则在东部地区表现出较强的促进作用。     

Impacts of land use and land cover changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield determined using the SWAT model

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes strongly affect local hydrology and sediment yields.The current study focused on a basin in the Brazilian Amazon and had the following three objectives:(1) to perform an effective diagnosis of flow and sediment yield,(2) to evaluate the impacts of LULC changes over the last 40 years on the hydro-sedimentological variables,and (3) to investigate the impacts of the possible trends or breaking points in the flow,surface runoff,and sediment yield series.The Soi...     

基于动态降温结晶工艺的盐湖卤水镁锂分离研究

青海盐湖卤水锂资源储量丰富,高镁锂比卤水存在镁锂分离难的问题。基于非平衡动态降温过程中不同盐组分结晶行为存在差异的原理,开展了强制分离高镁锂比卤水的研究,考察了卤水镁锂比、降温速率、流体状态和卤水温度对镁锂分离效果的影响,并分析了结晶过程中镁锂分离的介稳性特点。结果表明,通过非平衡动态降温结晶析出MgCl₂·6H₂O,可以实现卤水脱镁和镁锂分离,当降温速率为-1.25℃/min、卤水温度在70℃至50℃范围内,镁锂比在10∶1～80∶1时,镁锂分离因子最高可达到1.876,结晶的MgCl₂·6H₂O纯度最高为99.42%。非平衡动态降温结晶工艺相较于经典的盐田工艺,最多可将锂损失率从模拟盐田工艺的38.39%降至7.56%。该工艺为盐湖卤水镁锂分离提供了一条新的思路,也为后续高纯锂盐的制备奠定了基础。     

Flow and form in rehabilitation of large-river ecosystems: An example from the Lower Missouri River

On large, intensively engineered rivers like the Lower Missouri, the template of the physical habitat is determined by the nearly independent interaction of channel form and flow regime. We evaluated the interaction between flow and form by modeling four combinations of modern and historical channel form and modern and historical flow regimes. The analysis used shallow, slow water (shallow-water habitat, SWH, defined as depths between 0 and 1.5 m, and current velocities between 0 and 0.75 m/s) as an indicator of habitat that has been lost on many intensively engineered rivers and one that is thought to be especially important in rearing of young fishes. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models for modern and historical channels of the Lower Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri, indicate substantial differences between the two channels in total availability and spatial characteristics of SWH. In the modern channel, SWH is maximized at extremely low flows and in overbank flows, whereas the historical channel had substantially more SWH at all discharges and SWH increased with increasing discharge. The historical channel form produced 3–7 times the SWH area of the modern channel regardless of flow regime. The effect of flow regime is evident in increased within-year SWH variability with the natural flow regime, including significant seasonal peaks of SWH associated with spring flooding. Comparison with other reaches along the Lower Missouri River indicates that a) channel form is the dominant control of the availability of habitat even in reaches where the hydrograph is more intensively altered, and b) rehabilitation projects that move toward the historical condition can be successful in increasing topographic diversity and thereby decreasing sensitivity of the availability of habitat to flow regime. The relative efficacy of managing flow and form in creating SWH is useful information toward achieving socially acceptable rehabilitation of the ecosystem in large river systems.