动态城市交通网络优化模型研究及算法设计

在城市交通网络中,行车路线所耗时间是用户关心的关键因素之一.本文构建了基于时间因素的城市交通网络模型,为反映交通网络随时间动态变化的特性,网络模型中弧的权重是和时间统计变量相关.本文设计了交通网络模型算法,并对算法进行了详细的论述.针对实际交通网络的行驶线路选择人群中乐观型、保守型和折中型,给出了路线选择的简化模型.文...     

一种新的守时型原子钟综合时间尺度方法研究

在这篇文章中, 提出了一种基于改进的指数平滑和Vondrak_Cepek联合平滑的氢铯综合时间尺度产生方法. 以最小误差方法为理论基础, 动态估计氢原子钟频率漂移参数, 提升氢原子钟钟差预测准确度; 基于改进的二次指数平滑产生氢原子钟组时间尺度、加权平均方法产生铯原子钟时间尺度, 同时设计Vondrak_Cepek滤波器以结合两类时间尺度长短期稳定度优势, 提升综合时间尺度性能. 实验结果表明, 所提方法产生的氢铯综合时间尺度时稳可达1.60x10^-15,天稳可达3x10^-15,优于ALGOS、AT1和Kalman滤波3种经典方法产生的时间 尺度性能.     

河北省丰宁县大草坪钼矿区花岗质岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

大草坪钼矿区侵入体由花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,两者呈侵入接触关系,接触带附近石英脉较发育并见钼矿化。花岗岩与花岗闪长岩具有相似的岩石地球化学特征:主量元素特征均显示富含硅、碱质,普遍具有较高的钾含量,主要属钙碱性系列;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式显示LREE相对富集,球粒陨石标准化曲线都一致向右倾斜,曲线之间呈现近于平行的特征,说明两者具有同源性。笔者同时认为,大草坪岩体的成因类型为I型花岗岩,岩浆物质具壳幔混源特征;岩体与矿体具有明显的同源分异特征,可为成矿提供一定物质来源。     

下寺湾油田柳洛峪地区长8储层配伍性实验研究

柳洛峪地区长8地层水属CaCl2型,地层结垢伤害主要为BaSO4垢引起。注入水为长2地层水,水型及组成与长8地层水类似。配伍实验结果表明:单一水样在不同温度和压力下表现为随着温度、压力的升高,出现CaCO3结垢趋势变大,而BaSO4结垢趋势减弱。注入水与磨碎的岩心混合后生成的白色沉淀物主要为BaSO4和CaCO3。不同比例混配水样实验结果显示,提高注入水的比例可以有效地减少混合液产生的沉淀量。同时,随着注入水的不断注入,岩心渗透率变化较小,表明混配水几乎不会对储层造成伤害。     

随钻测量、随钻测井与录井工具

摆动阀泥浆脉冲器本身可以产生较高频率的载波,成为高速泥浆脉冲传输的较好选择。由于工作时负载力矩复杂,影响因素众多,为电机输出特性研究带来较大困难。利用在井下工作时的动力学平衡方程,通过水循环实验方式测量得到摆动阀电机在最大转矩比电流控制方式下的位置角度和输出电流数据,进而计算井下工作时电机输出转矩和输出功率,并对其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明,受惯性转矩、弹性转矩和动态水力转矩的影响,电机输出转矩在不同工作频段表现为不同特征;低频段时,电机输出转矩的变化幅度随载波频率的增大而减小,输出功率随载波频率的增大而缓慢增大;中低频段时,电机输出转矩和输出功率在该频段幅度变化较小,相对比较稳定;高频段时,电机输出转矩和输出功率均随频率的增大而快速增大。可以通过增大扭杆刚度系数和降低摆动阀转子轴系转动惯量的方式降低电机在高频段的输出,以保证电机在额定转矩和额定功率下可以控制摆动阀在井下实现高频快速的摆动,产生稳定高载波频率下的泥浆脉冲压力波形,实现高频载波的目的,为随钻测井数据的高速传输提供了保障。

     

Radiation pressure — a stabilizing agent of dust clouds in comets?

The internal dynamics of an illuminated dust cloud of finite optical thickness is investigated. The dependence of the radiation pressure on the optical depth makes the individual particles oscillate, in one dimension, around the accelerated centre of gravity of the cloud. The cloud moves as an entity, irrespectively of the velocity dispersion of the particles and their efficiency for radiation pressure. If the optical depth does not change, i.e. if the cloud does not expand laterally, its lifetime is unlimited. A contraction caused by energy dissipation in mechanical collissions between the dust particles is expected. The range of particle sizes which can be transported by such a “coherent cloud” is estimated, as well as the acceleration of the whole cloud. The structure of the cloud in real space and in velocity space is investigated. A comparison with the “striae” observed in the dust tails of great comets shows that the parent clouds of these striae may have been of the kind considered.     

中国煤层气资源控制程度及可靠性分析

准确认识深部条件下气体和水分的赋存状态、相对含量及分布特征,对煤层气高效勘探开发具有重要指导意义。基于理论模型、分子模拟和气水演变分析,明确了煤层中气、水的赋存状态,揭示了气、水动态运聚界限和动态演化过程。考虑煤−水界面作用、水的可动性及赋存状态,煤中水可分为可动水(重力水和毛细水)、束缚水(吸附水、沸石水、结晶水和层间水)、结构水,其中毛细水、重力水和吸附水由孔隙主导,沸石水、结构水、结晶水和层间水由矿物主导。分子模拟结果显示,水分子在0.7 nm孔隙中可以饱和充填,吸附和解吸路径一致,在更大孔隙中出现弱吸附层和自由态。水分子吸附过程表现为单分子含氧基团吸附、单层强吸附、多层弱吸附、水团簇形成和充填孔隙等阶段。甲烷分子在1.5 nm孔隙可存在3层稳定充填吸附,在较大孔隙中(>1.5 nm)即以单层吸附和游离态共存,游离态在介孔及更大孔隙中普遍存在。结合上述吸附−游离气存在界限,改进了游离气和吸附气理论计算公式,为含气量计算提供新思路。深部热成因煤层气是煤大规模生排烃之后的残余气,在排烃过程中发生气驱水和水分蒸发扩散,残余水分为束缚水和结构水,后期无法改变。假定静水压力20 MPa,在0、5、10、15和20 MPa储层压力下,外来水分可入侵最大孔径为7、9、13、27 nm和不侵入。受差异保存条件控制,煤成气除了形成超压和欠压等差异含气系统外,还可能在煤系形成多类型含气模式。上述研究明确了煤层气、水微观赋存机制及形成演化模式,对深部煤层气富集特征及高效开发设计具有指导意义。

     

A new theoretical solution of the effect of atmospheric pressure on water level

Based on the partial differential equation governing the effect of atmospheric pressure on water level of confined well, deriving the boundary condition and considering the seepage water between well and aquifer, the author obtained the analytical solution of water level change in time domain under the action of an atmospheric pressure history with the Laplace transform method. This solution is composed of two terms:stable and retarded terms. The stable term is the multiplication of barometric efficiency and simultaneous atmospheric pressure, and it implies the value of water level after infinite time when the atmospheric pressure is a constant from the time in question. The retarded term is the transient process due to the time lag of water exchange between well and aquifer. From the solution, it is obtained that the interference of atmospheric pressure on water level is the integral superimposition of the contribution of all atmospheric pressure changes before the time in question. So that, we further found out the response function of pulsive atmospheric pressure history. Calculation shows: (1) The pulsive response function starts from zero and tends to a steady value, which is proportional to the barometric efficiency, when the time tends to infinity; (2) The retarded time depends on the mechanical property of aquifer and the radius of well. The larger the seepage coefficient, the smaller the radius of well and the thicker the aquifer, then the shorter the retarded time gets. This solution can be used as the theoretical basis for further analysis of the atmospheric effect and practical correcting method in the future.     

Crack nucleation in saturated porous media

Crack nucleation has been the subject of important contributions in the last two last decades. However, it seems that few attention has been granted to the case of saturated porous media. This is the question addressed in the present paper which is devoted to nucleation in traction mode. From a physical point of view, nucleation is a sudden phenomenon, so that the material response is both adiabatic and undrained. In the spirit of the variational approach, the nucleated crack is viewed as the final state of a region of space in which the material undergoes a full damage process. In traction mode, the opening of a saturated crack in undrained condition induces a drop of fluid pressure. In case of low fluid compressibility, the presence of the fluid delays the brittle failure usually associated with nucleation, as long as the fluid pressure remains above the saturation vapor pressure. Nucleation is therefore possible only if a partial vaporization of the fluid takes place.