波浪作用下斜坡上单桩周围海床孔隙水压力响应特性试验研究

单桩基础周围斜坡海床中的波致孔隙水压力响应与纯斜坡海床存在较大差异。为了解不同波高、波周期条件下,单桩基础周围波浪传播变形及其对斜坡海床孔压振荡响应的影响,在波浪水槽末端铺设了长6 m、坡度1∶16的斜坡砂床进行试验。通过改变桩身位置和波浪参数,测量斜坡段各处波面形态,采集单桩周围孔隙水压力,分析了桩身位置及波浪参数对斜坡海床孔压响应的影响。结果表明：相同入射波条件下,随距坡脚水平距离增加,波高、近底流速和桩周孔隙水压力幅值都随之增大;桩周孔隙水压力幅值分布规律为：桩前孔压幅值明显大于桩侧与桩后孔压幅值。当Keulegan-Carpenter数大于6时,随着波高和波周期增大,马蹄涡产生的负压区使得桩侧海床孔隙水压力与纯斜坡海床孔隙水压力差值迅速增加。     

青海门源MS6.9地震震前OLR异常与InSAR同震形变关联性分析

对比分析利用涡度距平法提出的2022年1月8日青海门源 M_S6.9 地震震前射出长波辐射(OLR)短期异常分布和震后InSAR技术提取的门源地震同震形变空间分布,结果显示,震前红外辐射增强区与InSAR同震破裂形变区的空间位置基本吻合,扩展形式基本相似(同震破裂形变区分布在红外辐射异常区内部)。在震前的全国范围OLR空间分布上,仅青海德令哈—西宁—甘肃武威一带出现了呈“哑铃”状近WE向展布的OLR热辐射增强区,空间可辨识度高,OLR异常时空演化过程遵循了岩石应力加载破裂过程中的热异常规律,显示热异常变化与应力变化存在关联; InSAR技术提取的同震形变同样位于肃南—祁连断裂(俄堡段)、托莱山断裂和冷龙岭断裂的交汇区。InSAR同震形变结果揭示了地表形变以水平方向为主,断层运动具有典型的走滑变形特征。InSAR同震形变结果为红外遥感反映地震形变提供可检验的地质实体监测证据,验证了门源地震前辐射增强异常是地震构造地应力强度变化的遥感物理参量反映。     

联合GPS和GRACE观测研究日本MW9.0地震震后变形机制

利用GPS和GRACE观测数据研究了日本M_W9.0地震的震后变形特征.GPS观测显示,区域震后位移呈现随指数函数变化特征,变化速率符合大森公式的衰减特性;近五年的震后水平位移累积已达到东向60~165 cm,南向20~65 cm的量值,距震中较远站点已超过同震变化量,且震后变形仍然持续.GRACE观测到显著的震后重力变化,地震破裂两侧的重力变化总体均呈上升趋势,但海洋侧的变化速率较快.联合震后余滑和黏弹性位错理论对震后变形进行了模拟,探索了GPS和GRACE观测的综合应用方法.研究发现,综合考虑震后余滑和黏滞性松弛效应可以对日本地震的震后变形做出较合理的解释,震后初期余滑起主要作用,1至2年以后逐渐减弱,黏滞性松弛作用逐渐增强.在震后变形模拟和区域黏滞性结构反演中形成GPS和GRACE观测结合应用的方法,先基于震后GPS形变估算区域黏滞性结构,而后利用GRACE观测修正深部的黏滞系数,并综合利用这两种观测微调浅层黏滞系数,最终确定区域黏滞性结构.基于该方法反演了日本震源区的地幔黏滞性结构,地震断层破裂两侧的流变参数存在差异,大陆侧的地幔顶层黏滞系数在1.0×10¹⁹ Pa·s量级,而海洋侧的则略小于大陆的,在6.0×10¹⁸ Pa·s量级.     

飑线对定点地形变观测的影响特征与机理——以陕西关中盆地为例

2013年7月31日～8月1日陕西关中盆地爆发了一次强飑线灾害性天气过程,为揭示此次飑线生命史期间对定点地形变观测的影响特征与机理,本文结合多普勒天气雷达和气象资料,系统分析了关中盆地内4个地形变观测数据。结果表明:(1)飑线过境时的短时气压突变是造成定点地形变的主要原因,引起最大的地倾斜和地应变分别达9.70×10~(-3″)和21.02×10~(-9);(2)气压变幅与地形变的弹性响应量具有较好的线性关系,二者持续时间较一致,为2～4h,其中,钻孔体应变的动态气压系数达4.04×10~(-9)/h Pa;(3)宝鸡、乾陵和华阴台对飑线的响应能力较好,西安台则较差;(4)除水管仪外,垂直摆、洞体应变和钻孔体应变等对飑线的响应均较为灵敏。上述结果有助于合理识别和科学推定飑线所导致定点地形变异常变化的物理本质,进而减少实际业务中的误判;同时,还能为定点地形变观测台站的科学选址、仪器的优化布设及不同空间尺度大气负荷模型的实证等提供重要的参考依据。     

关于变形极坐标法的应用

讨论了变形极坐标法的观测、计算和精度分析,给出了供应用的待定点点位中误差实用的计算式和点位误差等值线图。同时,对该法的应用提出了几点建议,供实际作业参考和应用。     

香溪河流域白家堡滑坡变形监测初步分析

白家堡滑坡受三峡大坝蓄水及强降雨影响变形较为明显,且仍在变形过程中。利用GDM600S型全站仪及cx-03D型钻孔测斜仪分别对滑坡地表及滑坡深部位移进行监测。监测结果表明:白家堡滑坡体呈"D"型整体运动;滑坡后缘滑动面(带)和中部滑动面(带)分别在地下11m和28.5m左右;滑坡整体滑动方向大致为NE55°,且滑坡变形具有自后缘向前缘递减的趋势。     

Strength and deformation behavior of the Shimanto accretionary complex across the Nobeoka thrust

A rapid reduction in sediment porosity from 60 to 70 % at seafloor to less than 10 % at several kilometers depth can play an important role in deformation and seismicity in the shallow portion of subduction zones. We conducted deformation experiments on rocks from an ancient accretionary complex, the Shimanto Belt, across the Nobeoka Thrust to understand the deformation behaviors of rocks along plate boundary faults at seismogenic depth. Our experimental results for phyllites in the hanging wall and shale‐tuff mélanges in the footwall of the Nobeoka Thrust indicate that the Shimanto Belt rocks fail brittlely accompanied by a stress drop at effective pressures < 80 MPa, whereas they exhibit strain hardening at higher effective pressures. The transition from brittle to ductile behavior in the shale–tuff mélanges lies on the same trend in effective stress–porosity space as that for clay‐rich and tuffaceous sediments subducting into the modern Nankai subduction zone. Both the absolute yield strength and the effective pressure at the brittle–ductile transition for the phyllosilicate‐rich materials are much lower than for sandstones. These results suggest that as the clay‐rich or tuffaceous sediments subduct and their porosities are reduced, their deformation behavior gradually transitions from ductile to brittle and their yield strength increases. Our results also suggest that samples of the ancient Shimanto accretionary prism can serve as an analog for underthrust rocks at seismogenic depth in the modern Nankai Trough.     

RESEARCH OF SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE MENYUAN MS6.4 EARTHQUAKE ON JANUARY 21, 2016 IN LENGLONGLING AREA OF NE TIBETAN PLATEAU

On January 21 2016, an earthquake of M_S6.4 hit the Lenglongling fault zone(LLLFZ)in the NE Tibetan plateau, which has a contrary focal mechanism solution to the Ms 6.4 earthquake occurring in 1986. Fault behaviors of both earthquakes in 1986 and 2016 are also quite different from the left-lateral strike-slip pattern of the Lenglongling fault zone. In order to find out the seismogenic structure of both earthquakes and figure out relationships among the two earthquakes and the LLLFZ, InSAR co-seismic deformation map is constructed by Sentinel -1A data. Moreover, the geological map, remote sensing images, relocation of aftershocks and GPS data are also combined in the research. The InSAR results indicate that the co-seismic deformation fields are distributed on both sides of the branch fault(F₂)on the northwest of the Lenglongling main fault(F₁), where the Earth's surface uplifts like a tent during the 2016 earthquake. The 2016 and 1986 earthquakes occurred on the eastern and western bending segments of the F₂ respectively, where the two parts of the F₂ bend gradually and finally join with the F₁. The intersections between the F₁ and F₂ compose the right-order and left-order alignments in the planar geometry, which lead to the restraining bend and releasing bend because of the left-lateral strike-slip movement, respectively. Therefore, the thrust and normal faults are formed in the two bending positions. In consequence, the focal mechanism solutions of the 2016 and 1986 earthquakes mainly present the compression and tensional behaviors, respectively, both of which also behave as slight strike-slip motion. All results indicate that seismic activity and tectonic deformation of the LLLFZ play important parts in the Qilian-Haiyuan tectonic zone, as well as in the NE Tibetan plateau. The complicated tectonic deformation of NE Tibetan plateau results from the collisions from three different directions between the north Eurasian plate, the east Pacific plate and the southwest Indian plate. The intensive tectonic movement leads to a series of left-lateral strike-slip faults in this region and the tectonic deformation direction rotates clockwise gradually to the east along the Qilian-Haiyuan tectonic zone. The Menyuan earthquake makes it very important to reevaluate the earthquake risk of this region.     

2016年台湾美浓MW6.4地震震源参数的InSAR和GPS反演

2016年2月6日台湾西南部高雄市美浓区发生了M_W6.4地震.本文结合ALOS2卫星升降轨、Sentinel-1A升轨SAR数据,采用两轨差分干涉技术获取了该区域的同震形变场,形变结果表明震中西北部以抬升为主,最大视线向形变量约为11.2 cm.基于均匀位错模型和多峰值粒子群（MPSO）算法,利用InSAR和GPS形变数据联合反演了美浓地震的断层几何参数,结果表明震源中心位于22.920°N,120.420°E,深度约12 km,发震断层长度约15 km,走向角307°,倾角16.5°,平均滑动角为51.5°,此次地震是以逆冲倾滑兼左旋走滑的破裂模式.利用格网迭代搜索法得到最优倾角为15.7°,GPS和InSAR最优权比为18：1,最优平滑因子为0.06.基于非均匀位错模型,利用非负最小二乘方法进行线性反演,结果显示最大倾滑和走滑量分别为51.7 cm和55.3 cm,对应矩震级为M_W6.38,略小于GCMT （M_W6.4）的结果.通过与已有文献的比较和对该区域断层构造的分析,发现美浓地震的发震断层为单一断层的解释更为合理,我们推测发震断层是位于左镇、后甲里等断层之间的一条东南-西北走向往东北倾斜的盲断层,并初步推测2010年M_W6.3甲仙地震也同该断层有关.     

非对称交通荷载作用下拓宽路堤动力特性分析

针对山西省境内长期承受非对称交通荷载的公路拓宽路堤,采用FLAC~(3D)建立数值模型,土工格栅采用FLAC~(3D)内置土工格栅单元(geogrid)模拟,其余部分均采用实体单元,屈服准则采用Mohr-Coulomb准则。将交通荷载简化为半正弦波荷载,分析非对称交通荷载作用下不加筋和加筋两种工况下拓宽路堤的变形特性及稳定性,进而改变拓宽路堤部分填土参数、交通荷载幅值、频率和行车间隔等参数,分析其对加筋工况下拓宽路堤变形的影响。结果表明:非对称交通荷载作用下,设置土工格栅加筋对新、旧路堤变形的约束作用有限,但能提高路堤的整体稳定性;增大拓宽路堤填土的压缩模量和黏聚力,可减小新、旧路堤沉降差;增大交通荷载一侧幅值会引起新、旧路堤过大差异沉降;增大交通荷载频率和时间间隔,路堤沉降均逐渐减小,但沉降差保持不变。上述结论对受非对称交通荷载拓宽路堤的施工提供了一定的理论依据。