路堤侧向变形性状及预测模型研究

结合大量实测资料和已有的研究成果,分析了路堤荷载作用下水平向应变随深度的变化规律,得出了侧向变形沿深度呈“弓”型分布的变化规律;提出了符合该变化规律的预测模型及参数求解方法,模型中a、b和c等3个待定参数能简单地求出。工程实践表明,该预测模型不仅反映了侧向变形随深度的变化规律,且有一定的精度,能反映出最大侧向变形发生的位置,应用效果良好。     

澜沧江某水电站右坝肩工程边坡倾倒变形问题的数值 模拟研究

澜沧江某水电站处于青藏高原东部边缘地带,属于高山峡谷地形地貌,高地应力环境,岩体卸荷裂隙很发育,使得倾倒变形和岩体质量、断裂活动及地震构造一样成为影响工程边坡岩体稳定的主要因素。针对工程边坡的大变形问题可采用离散元的数值模拟分析方法。通过建立理论开挖和工程边坡开挖离散元模型,可分别得出倾倒变形破坏机理发展过程为初期弱倾倒变形岩体的层内剪切错动、强倾倒变形岩体的层内拉张变形、强倾倒变形岩体的切层张-剪破裂及极强倾倒破裂岩体的折断张裂(坠覆)破裂和工程边坡的变形范围、确定开挖面及加固方式等。通过工程边坡模型的计算结果和现场地质调查成果的比较表明,计算结果和实际情况基本吻合。     

岩溶山区崩滑灾害变形破坏地质模式分类

岩溶山区特殊的地质结构导致崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害时常发生,带来了严重的人员伤亡和经济社会损失。研究岩溶山区崩滑灾害特征,建立相应的变形破坏地质模式,对于岩溶山区崩滑灾害风险防控与治理工程具有重要理论意义与指导价值。文章以典型地质灾害形成演化过程为例,在系统地分析研究区典型崩滑灾害地质背景、影响因素、动力学与运动学特征的基础上,提出了岩溶山区崩滑灾害变形破坏地质模式,得出以下主要结论：（1）影响崩滑成灾基本因素（崩滑灾害体势能、岩溶结构面、岩组结构、斜坡地貌和斜坡结构）、影响因素（水文地质条件、工程活动、地震、降雨）和变形运动特征（运动形式和变形机制）三个方面,据此建立了岩溶山区崩滑灾害地质分类指标体系。（2）结合研究区特征对模型体系里面的每个要素进行系统分析,崩滑灾害的发生是各个要素相互组合、相互作用的结果。（3）总结了研究区内5种典型崩滑地质模式：高势能反倾降雨型高速远程滑坡—碎屑流模型、高势能斜倾视向采矿型高速远程崩滑灾害模型、超高势能横向陡倾地震型高速远程滑坡、高势能采矿型高速崩塌—碎屑流模型、低势能差异风化崩塌模型。为后续开展物理模拟、数值模拟、稳定性计算和变形破坏预测等工作奠定基础。下一步将更加深入全面地建立研究区的崩滑灾害模式,并进行崩滑灾害的危险性分级工作。     

冻融循环对土体强度变形参数的影响

在寒区工程建设中,冻融循环会引起土强度和变形特性发生改变。为了研究多次冻融循环后土的强度和变形参数的变化量,本文以冻融和非冻融的粉质粘土饱和试样为研究对象,通过固结排水三轴剪切试验、三轴等向压缩试验和弹性模量试验,比较了冻融循环对土样强度参数和变形参数的影响。试验结果显示：冻融和非冻融试样的应力—应变关系曲线均呈应变硬化型,对于原状试样冻融作用破坏了其结构性;冻融作用导致土体强度的降低,主要体现在粘聚力的降低,约降低了55.6%;冻融循环对变形参数有明显的影响,其中最明显的是弹性模量的降低,降低了31.2%。该研究结论可为工程冻害处理提供参考,也可为相关研究的数值计算提供试验参数。     

GPS PPP技术用于滑坡监测的试验与结果分析

为了研究全球定位系统(GPS)精密单点定位(PPP)技术用于滑坡等地质灾害监测时可能达到的精度和可靠性等问题,结合某类滑坡的大型物理模型试验,在滑坡体上布设了若干GPS监测点进行连续实时动态监测,利用PPP技术对该滑坡从稳定、开始滑动直至产生破坏的全过程监测数据进行了处理与分析,并与GPS单历元差分定位、载波相位实时差分定位技术监测结果进行了对比。结果表明:GPS PPP技术监测结果的内符合精度约为10 mm,外符合精度约为40 mm,且GPS PPP技术具有一些差分GPS无法比拟的优势,如无需基准站支持、作业成本低、效率高、可直接获取监测点在国际地球参考框架下的绝对坐标等。该技术完全可用于滑坡等地质灾害的实时动态监测和预警。     

崩积混合体直剪试验与PFC2D数值模拟分析

通过野外崩积混合体结构特征分析,考虑原样级配,开展对崩积混合体重塑样的室内大尺度直剪试验研究,结合PFC2D颗粒离散元仿真试验,分析了不同含石量情况下崩积混合体变形与强度变化规律及内在机理。将数值试验的成果与室内试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,随着含石量的增加,崩积混合体的应变硬化效应显著。低法向应力下崩积混合体表现为剪胀,高法向应力下则表现为剪缩;当含石量低于40%时,崩积混合体的力学性质由土体控制,超过80%以后,其力学性质基本上完全由块石控制。     

Effects of Crustal Structure for Estimation of Vertical Load Deformation on the Solid Earth Using GRACE in China Mainland

When the inversion of vertical load deformation on Earth’s surface using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data, the load Love numbers based on PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model) are commonly used. But the crustal structure under China mainland especially under Tibet Plateau is quite different from that given by PREM Earth model. New load Love numbers were calculated based on a modified Earth model which accounted for regional crustal structure in China mainland. And the effect of regional crustal structure in China mainland for estimation of vertical load deformation on Earth’s surface using GRACE RL05 data was investigated in this paper. It is found that the effect of crustal difference is very prominent. The relative difference of load Love numbers for vertical deformation can reach about 11% at degree 90. The extreme value of difference in vertical load deformation below 90 degree of spherical harmonic coefficients located at the southeastern Tibet Plateau and the maximum relative difference reaches 10%. The relative difference of the root mean square is about 4%. It is suggesting that an Earth model with a more realistic crustal structue instead of PREM should be used for the estimation of vertical load deformation in China mainland espacially in Tibet Plateau.     

库车前陆冲断带西部却勒盐推覆体变形特征分析

库车前陆冲断带西部发育中国最好的地表盐构造,可作为盐构造研究的天然实验室。前人对本区盐构造的研究主要集中于地下,包括地下盐构造样式的识别、地下盐构造分段性研究及盐构造形成机制研究等,而对于地表盐构造的研究相对较少。文章在前人研究的基础上,通过详细的野外填图,并辅以地震解释、遥感解译等方法,对库车前陆冲断带西部却勒盐推覆体变形特征进行分析,认为却勒盐推覆体的发育受控于却勒逆冲断层,库姆格列木群盐岩随逆冲断层出露地表。盐推覆体在东西向上构造差异较大,具有明显的分段性,在推覆体的中、西部,推覆体上盘地层发育齐全,盐岩仅沿推覆体逆冲前缘出露地表,属于典型的露趾增生型盐席;而在推覆体东部的察尔汗盐席处,盐上地层被剥蚀,盐岩出露地表后在重力的驱动下向周缘流动,属于溢流增生型盐席。察尔汗盐席受地表径流和降水作用影响明显,发育大量溶洞和盐山构造,并以"脉动流"的形式向前增生。盐内能干层的变形特征是反映盐岩流动性强弱的指标,盐推覆体东部察尔汗盐席盐内能干层变形样式更复杂,盐岩的流变性更强。缺少厚层顶板的限制和受降水及地表径流的充分影响是察尔汗盐席盐岩流变性较强的原因。     

TBM在不良地质洞条件下的施工技术

TBM掘进机以其快速、高效、安全、优质等优点越来越广泛地被应用于隧洞开挖施工中,尤其更适用于深埋超长隧洞,然而在不良地质洞段中TBM掘进缓慢,甚至有卡刀可能,反而不如钻爆法灵活,这就需要根据围岩性状采取特殊技术处理措施,辅以监控量测手段对支护方案进行验证、调整支护措施、修正设计参数等。结合辽宁大伙房输水隧洞工程,总结了在不良地质洞条件下的超前地质预报方法、不良地质段处理措施以及围岩变形监测方法。     

Deformation history of the Naraku Batholith,Mt Isa Inlier,Australia: Implications for pluton ages and geometries from structural study of the Dipvale Granodiorite and Levian Granite

Plutons of the Naraku Batholith were emplaced into Proterozoic metasediments of the northern portion of the Eastern Fold Belt of the Mt Isa Inlier during two intrusive episodes approximately 200 million years apart. Structural relationships and geochronological data suggest that the older plutons (ca 1750 Ma) are contemporaneous with granites of the Wonga Batholith to the west. The Dipvale Granodiorite and the Levian Granite represent these older intrusive phases of the Naraku Batholith, and both contain an intense tectonic foliation, S₁, which is interpreted to have formed during the north‐south shortening associated with D₁ of the Isan Orogeny. The geometry of S₁ form surfaces at the southern end of the Dipvale Granodiorite, and of the previously unrecognised sheeted contact, defines a macroscopic, steeply south‐southwest‐plunging antiform, which was produced by the regional D₂ of the Isan Orogeny. S₁ form surfaces in the Levian Granite define open F₂ folds with wavelengths of several hundred metres. The structural age of emplacement of the Dipvale Granodiorite and the Levian Granite is interpreted to be pre‐ or syn‐ the regional D₁. An intense foliation present in some of the younger (ca 1505 Ma) granites that comprise the bulk of the Naraku Batholith is interpreted to represent S₃ of the Isan Orogeny. Foliations commonly have similar styles and orientations in both the pre‐D₁ and younger plutons. This emphasises the simplicity with which regional fabrics can be, and probably have been, miscorrelated in the Eastern Fold Belt, and that the classification of granites in general on the basis of structural and geometric criteria alone is fraught with danger.