The assemblage diaspore+quartz in metamorphic rocks: a petrological, experimental and thermodynamic study

The upper pressure limit of pyrophyllite is given by the equilibria (i) pyrophyllite=diaspore+quartz and (ii) pyrophyllite=diaspore+coesite. High- P experimental investigations carried out to locate equilibrium (i) yield brackets between 497 °C/24.8  kbar and 535 °C/25.1  kbar, and between 500 °C/23  kbar and 540 °C/23  kbar. Equilibrium (ii) was bracketed at 550 °C between 26.0 and 28.3  kbar. In the experimental P–T  range, equilibria (i) and (ii) are metastable with respect to kyanite. A stable P–T  grid is calculated using thermodynamic data derived under consideration of the present experimental results. According to these data, the lower pressure limit of the assemblage diaspore+quartz according to equilibrium (i) range from about 12  kbar/300 °C to 20  kbar/430 °C (in the presence of pure water). The upper stability of diaspore+quartz is limited by the reaction diaspore+quartz=kyanite+H₂O at about 450 °C (nearly independent of pressure) and, to higher pressure, by the quartz=coesite transition. Equilibrium (ii) is metastable over the whole P–T  range.
Natural occurrences600.S of the diaspore–quartz assemblage in metamorphic rocks in Sulawesi, New Caledonia, Amorgos and the Vanoise are characterized by minerals indicative of high- P such as ferro-magnesiocarpholite, glaucophane, sodic pyroxene and lawsonite. The metamorphic P–T  conditions of these rocks are estimated to be in the range 300–400 °C, >8  kbar. These data are compatible with the derived P–T  stability field of the diaspore+quartz assemblage. We conclude that, in metamorphic rocks, diaspore+quartz is, as ferrocarpholite, an indicator for unusual low- T  /very high- P settings.     

矿物药性味及其与溶出成分的关系

以溶出成分化学元素种类为特征，以性、味为类别标记构成矿物药模式，用ID3方法分别对不同的矿物药模式集做自适应模式识别。获得结果表明：非Sr-非As-非Zn组合是决定矿物药性寒凉的主要溶出成分元素组合，含As组合与非Sr-非As-非Zn非B组合是决定矿物药性温热的主要溶出成分元素组合；矿物药味辛、味甘、味酸、味苦和味咸各自与溶出成分中Ni、Zn、Pb、Ti、Sr、Cr、Bi、Ba、Al相互间的不同组合有关。     

Accurate area determination in the cadaster: case study of Slovenia

This paper discusses methodological problems of accurate area determination in the cadaster. The paper contrasts the ambiguous legal definition of the parcel boundary and parcel area in relation to the theoretically well-defined geodetic parcel boundary and the geodetic parcel area on the reference ellipsoid. To align with the real world, parcel area must account for terrain elevation. Various approximate methods for area determination which can be used in the cadaster are tested. A highly accurate method for parcel area computation is proposed, based on an equal-area projection. Considering the geodetic parcel area as a reference, the achievable accuracy of different methods is evaluated. For this analysis, the coordinates of the parcel boundary points are treated as error-free. Finally, the relevance of various systematic errors is discussed in relation to the statistical uncertainty of the parcel area, which could be gained by an a real-time kinematic GNSS survey. A case study is presented for the territory of Slovenia, its georeferencing rules, land demarcation pattern, and characteristics of its topography. Based on the results of this study, some general recommendations for the parcel area determination are given.     

The generation and evolution of the Archean continental crust: The granitoid story in southeastern Brazil

The Archean Eon was a time of geodynamic changes. Direct evidence of these transitions come from igneous/metaigneous rocks, which dominate cratonic segments worldwide. New data for granitoids from an Archean basement inlier related to the Southern São Francisco Craton (SSFC), are integrated with geochronological, isotopic and geochemical data on Archean granitoids from the SSFC. The rocks are divided into three main geochemical groups with different ages: (1) TTG (3.02–2.77 Ga); (2) medium- to high-K granitoids (2.85–2.72 Ga); and (3) A-type granites (2.7–2.6 Ga). The juvenile to chondritic (Hf-Nd isotopes) TTG were divided into two sub-groups, TTG 1 (low-HREE) and 2 (high-HREE), derived from partial melting of metamafic rocks similar to those from adjacent greenstone belts. The compositional diversity within the TTG is attributed to different pressures during partial melting, supported by a positive correlation of Dy/Yb and Sr/Zr, and batch melting calculations. The proposed TTG sources are geochemically similar to basaltic rocks from modern island-arcs, indicating the presence of subduction processes concomitant with TTG emplacement. From ～2.85 Ga to 2.70 Ga, the dominant rocks were K-rich granitoids. These are modeled as crustal melts of TTG, during regional metamorphism indicative of crustal thickening. Their compositional diversity is linked to: (i) differences in source composition; (ii) distinct melt fractions during partial melting; and (iii) different residual mineralogies reflecting varying P–T conditions. Post-collisional (～2.7–2.6 Ga) A-type granites reflect rifting in that they were closely followed by extension-related dyke swarms, and they are interpreted as differentiation or partial melting products of magmas derived from subduction-modified mantle. The sequence of granitoid emplacement indicates subduction-related magmatism was followed by crustal thickening, regional metamorphism and crustal melting, and post-collisional extension, similar to that seen in younger Wilson Cycles. It is compelling evidence that plate tectonics was active in this segment of Brazil from ～3 Ga.     

体外方法研究海洋药物911和971对大鼠CYP2E1的影响

研究海洋药物911,971对大鼠CYP2E1是否有抑制或诱导作用,以及这种作用是否具有性别差异。取大鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为6个组：Ⅰ)雄性对照组、Ⅱ)雄性911组、Ⅲ)雄性971组;Ⅳ)雌性对照组、Ⅴ)雌性911组、Ⅵ)雌性971组,均采用钙离子沉淀法制备肝微粒体。在各组肝微粒体中同时给予一定剂量的探针药物及目标药物,进行孵育。于不同时间点取样,测定该探针药物的剩余浓度并计算其体外半衰期。结果表明：药物911对CYP2E1活性无影响,971对雌性大鼠CYP2E1活性无影响,但对雄性大鼠的CYP2E1有显著诱导作用。由此可得出：药物对CYP2E1的影响存有明显的性别差异,971在同各种与CYP2E1代谢有关的药物合用时,应充分考虑其在不同性别间的差异,以避免可能出现的毒性反应或不良反应。     

海洋生物活性物质开发利用的现状与前景

本文从海洋药用,生物保健品及生物功能材料等方面介绍以开发海洋生物资源为目的国内外研究新成果并进一步探讨海洋生物毒素、抗肿瘤和物质、抗氧化物质以及化工制品的开发利用前景。最后全面评价了海洋生物资源的开发潜力。     

以斑马鱼为疾病模型的小分子药物筛选研究进展

斑马鱼具有体积小,产卵量多,发育迅速,胚胎透明等特点,目前已成为一种非常重要的发育生物学模式动物。同时,斑马鱼胚胎体外发育,小分子化合物渗透性强,这些优势使其成为大规模小分子药物筛选的理想模型。近年来,随着以CRISPR/Cas9为代表的基因编辑技术的兴起,大量的转基因斑马鱼和突变体被构建出来,成为模拟人类疾病的良好模型,这些模型被广泛应用于药物筛选的多个方面。利用斑马鱼进行药物筛选,不仅具备高通量、低成本的优点,还能够比较准确的评估药物效果以及药物毒性。本文主要介绍了斑马鱼的特点以及其作为疾病模型在药物筛选中的应用,旨在帮助人们了解斑马鱼药物筛选的研究进展以及阐明斑马鱼在新药研发中的优势。     

小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的分离及鉴定

为探明舟山海域网箱养殖小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)暴发的以体表溃疡、眼球溃烂、内脏出现白色结节为主要症状的疾病病因, 对患病小黄鱼体表溃疡处和结节病灶处采集组织样本, 在血琼脂平板上划线培养, 通过分离、纯化到同一优势菌株ZHNK2101。经形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因片段扩增及序列比对,确定该菌株为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)。药敏试验结果显示, 菌株ZHNK2101对哌拉西林、头孢曲松、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素等16种抗生素敏感。回归感染试验表明, 该菌株可以感染小黄鱼并引起和自然感染相同的症状, 半致死浓度LD₅₀为7.28×10⁴ CFU/尾。另外,该病株会引起小黄鱼鳃、肝、肾和脾脏发生病理变化, 主要表现为鳃丝紊乱,肝脏、肾脏、脾脏组织细胞纤维化形成病理性结节。试验首次报道了小黄鱼感染鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的病例, 并从理化特性、药敏试验、回归感染及组织病理变化等方面对该菌株的特性进行了初步研究, 为小黄鱼养殖过程中由鰤鱼诺卡氏菌引起的内脏白点病的早期预防和治疗提供基础数据。     

海藻酸作为活性药物和新型药用敷料的开发

海藻酸是我国海洋水产资源的重要组成部分,21世纪被称为海洋和生物世纪,在“蓝色医药产业”正在兴起的今日,将海藻酸系列开发为活性药物和新型药用敷料具有重要意义。文中归纳了海藻酸胶的生物学活性、作为活性药物的应用和新型药用敷料的开发,并分析了国内海藻酸产品的现状,阐述了海藻酸胶的开发前景。     

Theoretical study of point defects in crystalline zircon

We present a numerical study of point defects in crystalline zircon (ZrSiO₄). Vacancies and interstitials of all the constituents of zircon have been considered. For each defect, the structure and the formation energies have been calculated. Calculations, using the supercell method, are based on the Density Functional Theory in the Local Density Approximation. Empirical potentials have also been considered for comparison with electronic structure results. We find a formation energy for the oxygen interstitial of 1.7 eV. This value is compatible with the experimental activation energy for oxygen diffusion in zircon, which proves an interstitial mechanism for the diffusion of oxygen in zircon. For all other defects the calculated formation energies lead to negligible thermal concentration at equilibrium. Received: 8 January 1999 / Revised, accepted: 14 May 1999