农谚在河南冬小麦种植及气候适应中的应用

农谚是反映人地关系的地方性知识,研究其在农业生产中的应用及适用性,有助于理解人地关系的变迁及地域特点。收集整理河南冬小麦种植的农谚,归纳总结了冬小麦生育期的农谚时序表。进而利用洛阳、开封、信阳1951—2003年的气象观测数据,分析农谚与气候适应的关系。结果显示,随着气候的变化,农谚中的冬小麦适宜播种期比气象实测的适宜播种期略微早。农谚指出冬小麦越冬期怕冬暖,拔节孕穗期间怕春寒及灌浆需晴暖天气,均与实际观测的气象数据相符合。农谚指出了冬小麦缺水及容易出现旱情的生育阶段,并以此进行旱灾适应。     

Noise reduction and detection of weak, coherent signals through phase-weighted stacks

We present a new tool for efficient incoherent noise reduction for array data employing complex trace analysis. An amplitude-unbiased coherency measure is designed based on the instantaneous phase, which is used to weight the samples of an ordinary, linear stack. The result is called the phase-weighted stack (PWS) and is cleaned from incoherent noise. PWS thus permits detection of weak but coherent arrivals. The method presented can easily be extended to phase-weighted cross-correlations or be applied in the τ p domain. We illustrate and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PWS in comparison with other coherency measures and present examples. We further show that our non-linear stacking technique enables us to detect a weak lower-mantle P -to- S conversion from a depth of approximately 840 km on array data. Hints of an 840 km discontinuity have been reported; however, such a discontinuity is not yet established due to the lack of further evidence.     

应用Bayes逐步判别分析识别辛176区块Es4储层岩性

辛176区块沙四段储层存在粗砂岩、不等粒砂岩和细砂岩,岩性非均质性较强.“四性”关系研究表明,岩性的准确识别是正确评价储层静态参数,识别油水层特别是低阻油层的前提.这里介绍了Bayes逐步判别方法原理和技术流程,在应用有序聚类分析方法开展测井曲线自动分层的基础上,综合应用自然电位(SP)、自然伽玛(GR)、声波时差(AC)、深探测电阻率(Rt)、浅探测电阻率(Rxo)测井资料和岩心分析资料,建立了粗砂岩、不等粒砂岩、细砂岩和泥岩的判别函数.应用效果表明,Bayes逐步判别法识别岩性符合率达到了86％,能够满足辛176区块沙四段储层岩性识别的需要.     

“麦莎”远距离台风暴雨的排熵指数分析

对2005年8月5日山东省一次远距离台风暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。从引起远距离台风暴雨的几个因素,分析此次山东地区强降水过程与台风“麦莎”及中纬度西风带系统的关系,判别台风暴雨的类型;应用耗散结构理论,分析了排熵指数与远距离台风暴雨区的关系。结果表明：该次暴雨过程是在远距离台风（0509号“麦莎”台风）和西风槽相互作用下产生的;非纬向的高、低空急流对本次暴雨过程起着重要作用;负熵变区（IRE〈0）对应着暴雨区,负熵变区的汇合反映远距离台风暴雨的落区,排熵指数对远距离台风暴雨分析预报有一定的指示作用。     

云南省雷灾特征分析及灾情评估

根据云南省2007 2008年的雷电灾害资料以及地闪资料,分析了云南省16个地级市的雷电灾害分布特征,讨论了雷灾分布与地闪分布的关系,并从雷灾记录中提取了6个灾度指标,通过AHP法(层次分析法)建立灾情评估层次模型和灾度评估方程,计算了云南省522次雷灾的灾度值,用SAS中聚类分析过程将灾度值分为4级,并统计分析了各级雷灾在各地区的分布情况,得出云南雷电灾害中小型雷灾分布较广、出现几率较大,而大型和特大型雷灾发生几率较低、主要集中在昆明和德宏地区.该文结论为区域防雷减灾规划提供了科学依据.     

2002年5月桂东地区两场区域性暴雨过程对比分析

通过相同月份两场区域性暴雨过程各要素的对比分析,发现其中的异同之处,找出区域性暴雨的成因,为以后做好区域性暴雨预报提供参考。     

A Comparative Analysis of Primary and Extreme Characteristics of Dry or Wet Status between Asia and North America

In this study, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was used to analyze the average and extreme dry/wet states of Asia and North America from 1953 to 2003. The results indicate that the two continents underwent drying trends during this period. Compared with North America, Asia showed more severe drought trends. However, more significant and regular seasonal variation for drought was found in North America. The driest regions in Asia were located in the northern region of China, Mongolia, and eastern mid-Siberian plateau. Most regions in central North America were relatively wetter than other regions. The northern and southwestern regions of North America, as well as the Atlantic and Pacific coastal areas, experienced the most drought during this period. A sharp increase of the drought area and the number of extreme drought events took place from 1997 to 2003 in both Asia and North America. Severe drought events were more likely to occur during the summer on both continents. Asia had the most extreme drought events during July, but North America reached its highest drought frequency from June to September. In Asia, a persistent increasing trend of extreme drought emerged throughout the studied period. However, a more complex evolution of drought emerged in North America: a decreasing trend appeared before the mid-1960s and an increasing trend appeared after the late 1970s. A relatively steady dry/wet status was observed between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s. The role of exceptional, extreme drought events with respect to the La Nin?a event was considered during 1997–2003.     

A Simple Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Flow in Complex Terrain in the Context of Wind Energy Modelling

A simple temporal and spatial analysisis done on wind speed and direction data from a number ofmeteorological towers separated by distances between roughly 1 and 100 kilometres. The analysis is done in the context of expected model error in wind energy calculations. The study first uses single point statistics to show the evolution of mean values with time. It is shown that strong seasonal signals are present and that stable means are achieved only after averaging periods of a year or more. The study then uses discrete Fourier transforms to show that significant amounts of spectral energy reside in modes with periods of a few days to less than a day. Frequency dependent cross correlation values are then derived and used to show how correlation between towers diminishes with increasing frequency. The mechanism responsible for this diminished correlation is shown through the comparison of cross-correlation phase as a function of frequency and its relationship to distance between towers. Error in wind energy estimates are shown to be strongly related to correlation and therefore distance over which the prediction is made. In summary, much of the inaccuracy in modelling flow in the context of wind energy calculations is due to a lack of scale separation between the deterministic part of the flow, which is well modelled, and that part of the flow that is stochastic at the length and time scales modelled.     

湖北省旱涝灾害致灾规律的初步研究

利用1960—2005年湖北省76个地区气象灾害的灾情普查数据和逐日降水量观测资料,对湖北省旱涝灾害的时空分布特征及其致灾规律进行分析。结果表明:干旱灾害的频发区呈东西走向的带状分布,而洪涝灾害的发生频次和频发区面积均明显少于干旱;干旱和洪涝灾害年平均发生站次在1996年以后出现相反的变化趋势,干旱发生站次增加,而洪涝发生站次减少,且两种灾害均主要集中发生在夏季;1996—2001年湖北省部分地区连续出现严重干旱灾害,干旱的累积增强效应导致农业经济损失出现跳跃性增长并在2001年达到最大值;洪涝的致灾强度呈准周期的起伏振荡,农作物受洪涝影响面积最大、损失最多的年份集中在20世纪90年代,农作物受害面积与农业经济损失的决定系数为0.8;受害人口与直接经济损失具有较好的相关特征,且直接经济损失随受害人口增多而增加的速度加快,但近年来人口对洪涝灾害的抵御能力也显著提高;急转干旱和急转洪涝主要发生在鄂西北和鄂东南的夏季,农作物的脆弱度增加,农业经济损失随受害面积增大而增加的速度加快,但所造成的农业经济损失远小于仅发生干旱和洪涝时的数值。     

Effective stress analyses of liquefaction-induced deformation in river dikes

A series of effective stress analyses is carried out on the seismic performance of river dikes based on the case histories during the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki and 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquakes in Japan. Seven case histories selected for the analyses involve a crest settlement ranging from none to 2.7 m in the dikes 3–6 m high with evidence of liquefaction at foundation soil. The effective stress model used is based on a multiple shear mechanism and was developed by one of the authors. The soil parameters are evaluated based on the site investigation and laboratory test results. The results of the analyses are basically consistent with the observed performance of the river dikes. In particular, the effective stress model shows a reasonable capability to reproduce the varying degree of settlements depending on the geotechnical conditions of foundation soils beneath the dikes. The analyses also indicate that the effect of a cohesive soil layer mixed with the liquefiable sand layers beneath the dikes can be a primary factor for reducing the liquefaction-induced deformation of dikes.