钢衬钢筋混凝土坝后背管管坝接缝面安全评价

总结了钢衬钢筋混凝土坝后背管管坝接缝面的构造方式,分析了接缝面的破坏机理,指出地震作用组合工况下接缝面主要有沿缝面的剪切破坏模式和垂直缝面的受拉破坏模式。针对这两种破坏模式,建立了基于接缝面应力状态的极限状态设计表达式,用于对接缝面做结构设计和安全评价。算例分析表明,高烈度地震作用使接缝面呈现较大的拉剪应力状态,采用台阶形键槽并配置适量锚筋可使接缝面满足安全要求,管道与坝体能可靠地联合承载。     

水库下游水沙变化与河床演变研究综述

水库建设以满足人类日益增长的水资源及其利用的要求仍是当今世界,特别是发展中国家在水利建设中的一项重要任务。建坝改变了上下游水流边界条件,导致水沙输移变化,同时也触发了河床形态发生相应的调整。自从20 世纪30 年代全球大规模修坝后,关于此课题的研究就层出不穷。本文就此研究主题对国内外研究成果进行梳理与总结,简要综述水库下游水流挟沙变异以及河床形态演变的研究历史与现状,旨在对该领域的研究进展进行全面的归纳与总结。     

干旱区内陆河流域荒漠河岸林群落生态过程与水文机制研究

干旱区内陆河流域生态水文过程研究已成为当今地理学、生态学研究的焦点,是开展生态恢复研究的重要内容。塔里木河下游断流河道的生态恢复是以沿自然河道生态输水为主要形式的,因此,有必要加深对塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落生态过程与水文机制的认识。在对塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林植被生态退化及其退化原因分析的基础上,综述了塔里木河下游典型植物生态水位的研究进展,阐述了植物适宜生态水位、胁迫地下水位和临界地下水位研究的阶段性成果,并进一步展望了未来研究的焦点问题。指出了群落生态水位、植被群落与土壤水分、盐分异质性的关系,提出植物水分利用机制是群落生态过程与水文机制研究的核心问题。     

Longitudinal distributions of river flood power: the combined automated flood,elevation and stream power (CAFES) methodology

Stream power can be an extremely useful index of fluvial sediment transport, channel pattern, river channel erosion and riparian habitat development. However, most previous studies of downstream changes in stream power have relied on field measurements at selected cross‐sections, which are time consuming, and typically based on limited data, which cannot fully represent important spatial variations in stream power. We present here, therefore, a novel methodology we call CAFES (combined automated flood, elevation and stream power), to quantify downstream change in river flood power, based on integrating in a GIS framework Flood Estimation Handbook systems with the 5 m grid NEXTMap Britain digital elevation model derived from IFSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar). This provides a useful modelling platform to quantify at unprecedented resolution longitudinal distributions of flood discharge, elevation, floodplain slope and flood power at reach and basin scales. Values can be resolved to a 50 m grid. CAFES approaches have distinct advantages over current methodologies for reach‐ and basin‐scale stream power assessments and therefore for the interpretation and prediction of fluvial processes. The methodology has significant international applicability for understanding basin‐scale hydraulics, sediment transport, erosion and sedimentation processes and river basin management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new sampler for extracting bed material sediment from sand and gravel beds in navigable rivers

Grain‐size distributions of bed material sediment in large alluvial rivers are required in various scientific and management applications, but characterizing gravel beds in navigable rivers is hampered by difficulties in sediment extraction. The newly developed and preliminarily tested sampler reported here can extract sediment from a range of riverbeds. The 36 × 23 × 28 cm stainless steel toothed sampler is deployed from and dragged downstream by the weight of a jet boat, and it improves upon previous samplers that are unable to penetrate gravel bed surfaces, have small apertures, and/or cannot retain fine sediment. The presented sampler was used to extract 167 bed material sediment samples of up to 16 kg (dry weight) with an average sample size of ～6 kg from 67 cross‐sections spanning 160 river kilometres along the Sacramento River. It was also tested at three sites on a subaerial bar to compare surface, subsurface, and sampler distributions. Sampler penetration is ～5 cm. The device collects individual samples that satisfy the criterion for bed material sediment whereby the largest particle comprises no more than 5% of the total sample mass in gravel and sand beds, except where the degree of surface armouring is large (e.g. armor ratios >> 2) and where more than 10% of bed material sediment is composed of grains larger than 64 mm. When aggregated samples exceed 15 kg, all satisfy the criterion whereby the largest particle comprises no more than 1% of the total sample mass. Samples closely resemble surface size distributions, except where armouring is strong. The sampler should be subject to more rigorous field testing, but many of its current limitations are expected to become negligible with the advent a larger, heavier version of the sampling device. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A REVIEW OF RESERVOIR DESILTATION

I INTRODUCTIONThe number of dam constructions has increased during the last decades, pafticularly in the tropics andsemi-arid areas where high sediment yields are prominent, and therefore also the problems of reservoirsedimentation. In 1900 there were 42 large dams, i.e. higher than 15 m, while in 1950 and 1986 therewere 5,268 and about 39,000 respectively (ICOLD, 1988). In the period 1975 to 1990, the regions withthe largest increase of large dams were Central and South America, Asia …     

黄河下游凌情变化的气象成因分析

概述黄河下游凌汛,分析了气温时空差异与凌汛形成和凌情变化的关系,根据冬季气温变化过程特点,并结合1968－1969年度凌汛实例,分析讨论了气温变化过程对凌情的影响。     

季节性缺氧水库甲基汞的产生及其对下游水体的影响

本文采用蒸馏-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法对贵州红枫湖水库及其各入库和出库河流中的甲基汞时空分布和控制因素进行了研究.在春、秋、冬季节总甲基汞浓度和分布无明显时空变化,在0．053-0．333 ng／L之间.春季河流是水库甲基汞一个重要的输入源．夏季水库下层甲基汞显著升高,缺氧层最高值达0．923 ng／L.同时发现．缺氧层升高的甲基汞主要来自于水体自己产生或上层水体甲基汞的沉降,而不是来自于沉积物的释放．各季节湖水和河流样品的总甲基汞和溶解氧存在显著的负相关关系,Personal相关系数r为-0．81(n=78).在春、秋、冬季节溶解态甲基汞比例略低于颗粒态甲基汞,但在夏季,特别是缺氧层,甲基汞主要以溶解态存在．夏季河流入水经水库蓄水后,到再流出时已经富含甲基汞,出库河流中总甲基汞浓度已达到各入湖河流总甲基汞平均值的5.5倍,很明显在复季红枫湖已成为下游水体甲基汞的输入源,必将会对下游生态系统产生一定影响．     

淮河入江水道归江控制河段行洪能力分析

淮河入江水道是淮河流域的主要行洪通道,承泄上中游70%以上的洪水入江。以淮河入江水道归江控制主要口门万福闸、太平闸、金湾闸近60年期间的实测资料,通过水位、流量、流速等要素分析淮河入江水道归江控制河段行洪能力的变化,以丰水年年最大流量和相应最高水位的关系曲线推求设计水位下的流量,并与设计流量进行比较。结果表明:(1)淮河入江水道归江控制河段行洪能力多年来无显著变化;(2)万福闸的实际行洪能力达到设计标准以上,太平闸、金湾闸基本达到设计要求。     

The interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic controls in determining floodplain wetland characteristics in the South African drylands

Controls on the characteristics of floodplain wetlands in drylands are diverse and may include extrinsic factors such as tectonic activity, lithology and climate, and intrinsic thresholds of channel change. Correct analysis of the interplay between these controls is important for assessing possible channel–floodplain responses to changing environmental conditions. Using analysis of aerial imagery, geological maps and field data, this paper investigates floodplain wetland characteristics in the Tshwane and Pienaars catchments, northern South Africa, and combines the findings with previous research to develop a new conceptual model highlighting the influence of variations in aridity on flow, sediment transport, and channel–floodplain morphology. The Tshwane–Pienaars floodplain wetlands have formed in response to a complex interplay between climatic, lithological, and intrinsic controls. In this semi‐arid setting, net aggradation (alluvium >7 m thick) in the wetlands is promoted by marked downstream declines in discharge and stream power that are related to transmission losses and declining downstream gradients. Consideration of the Tshwane–Pienaars wetlands in their broader catchment and regional context highlights the key influence of climate, and demonstrates how floodplain wetland characteristics vary along a subhumid to semi‐arid climatic gradient. Increasing aridity tends to be associated with a reduction in the ability of rivers to maintain through‐going channels and an increase in the propensity for channel breakdown and floodout formation. Understanding the interplay between climate, hydrology and geomorphology may help to anticipate and manage pathways of floodplain wetland development under future drier, more variable climates, both in South African and other drylands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.