Network‐scale dynamics of grain‐size sorting: implications for downstream fining,stream‐profile concavity,and drainage basin morphology

We explore the link between channel‐bed texture and river basin concavity in equilibrium catchments using a numerical landscape evolution model. Theory from homogeneous sediment transport predicts that river basin concavity directly increases with bed sediment size. If the effective grain size on a river bed governs its concavity, then natural phenomena such as grain‐size sorting and channel armouring should be linked to concavity. We examine this hypothesis by allowing the bed sediment texture to evolve in a transport‐limited regime using a two grain‐size mixture of sand and gravel. Downstream ?ning through selective particle erosion is produced in equilibrium. As the channel‐bed texture adjusts downstream so does the local slope. Our model predicts that it is not the texture of the original sediment mixture that governs basin concavity. Rather, concavity is linked to the texture of the sorted surface layer. Two different textural regimes are produced in the experiments: a transitional regime where the mobility of sand and gravel changes with channel‐bed texture, and a sand‐dominated region where the mobility of sand and gravel is constant. The concavity of these regions varies depending on the median gravel‐ or sand‐grain size, erosion rate, and precipitation rate. The results highlight the importance of adjustments in both surface texture and slope in natural rivers in response to changes in ?uvial and sediment inputs throughout a drainage network. This adjustment can only be captured numerically using multiple grain sizes or empirical downstream ?ning rules. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reach‐scale channel geometry of a mountain river

Mountain rivers can be subject to strong constraints imposed by changes in gradient and grain size supplied by processes such as glaciation and rockfall. Nonetheless, adjustments in the channel geometry and hydraulics of mountain rivers at the reach scale can produce discernible patterns analogous to those in fully alluvial rivers. Mountain rivers can differ in that imposed reach‐scale gradient is an especially important control on reach‐scale channel characteristics, as indicated by examination of North St Vrain Creek in Colorado. North St Vrain Creek drains 250 km² of the Rocky Mountains. We used 25 study reaches within the basin to examine controls on reach‐scale channel geometry. Variables measured included channel geometry, large woody debris, grain size, and mean velocity. Drainage area at the study reaches ranged from 2·2 to 245 km², and gradient from 0·013 to 0·147 m m^?1. We examined correlations among (1) potential reach‐scale response variables describing channel bankfull dimension and shape, hydraulics, bedform wavelength and amplitude, grain size, ?ow resistance, standard deviation of hydraulic radius, and volume of large woody debris, and (2) potential control variables that change progressively downstream (drainage area, discharge) or that are likely to re?ect a reach‐speci?c control (bed gradient). We tested the hypothesis that response variables correlate most strongly with local bed gradient because of the segmented nature of mountain channels. Results from simple linear regression analyses indicate that most response variables correlate best with gradient, although channel width and width/depth ratio correlate best with discharge. Multiple regression analyses using Mallow's C_p selection criterion and log‐transformation of all variables produced similar results in that most response variables correlate strongly with gradient. These results suggest that the hypothesis is partially supported: channel bed gradient is likely to be a good predictor for many reach‐scale response variables along mountain rivers, but discharge is also an important predictor for some response variables. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Complex variations in sediment transport at three large river bifurcations during discharge waves in the river Rhine

River bifurcations strongly control the distribution of water and sediment over a river system. A good understanding of this distribution process is crucial for river management. In this paper, an extensive data set from three large bifurcations in the Dutch Rhine is presented, containing data on bed‐load transport, suspended bed sediment transport, dune development and hydrodynamics. The data show complex variations in sediment transport during discharge waves. The objective of this paper is to examine and explain these measured variations in sediment transport. It is found that bend sorting upstream of the bifurcations leads to supply limitation, particularly in the downstream branch that originates in the outer bend of the main channel. Tidal water level variations lead to cyclical variations in the sediment distribution over the downstream branches. Lags in dune development cause complex hysteresis patterns in flow parameters and sediment transport. All bifurcations show evidence of sediment waves, which probably are intrinsic bifurcation phenomena. The complex transport processes at the three bifurcations cause distinct discontinuities in the downstream fining trend of the river. Differences among the studied river bifurcations are mainly due to differences in sediment mobility (Shields value). Because the variations in sediment transport are complex and poorly correlated with the flow discharge, prediction of the sediment distribution with existing relationships for one‐dimensional models is problematic.     

Grain-size sorting in grainflows at the lee side of deltas

The sorting of sediment mixtures at the lee slope of deltas (at the angle of repose) is studied with experiments in a narrow, deep flume with subaqueous Gilbert-type deltas using varied flow conditions and different sediment mixtures. Sediment deposition and sorting on the lee slope of the delta is the result of (i) grains falling from suspension that is initiated at the top of the delta, (ii) kinematic sieving on the lee slope, (iii) grainflows, in which protruding large grains are dragged downslope by subsequent grainflows. The result is a fining upward vertical sorting in the delta. Systematic variations in the trend depend on the delta height, the migration celerity of the delta front and the flow conditions above the delta top. The dependence on delta height and migration celerity is explained by the sorting processes in the grainflows, and the dependence on flow conditions above the delta top is explained by suspension of fine sediment and settling on the lee side and toe of the delta. Large differences in sorting trends were found between various sediment mixtures. The relevance of these results with respect to sorting in dunes and bars in rivers and laboratory flumes is discussed and the elements for a future vertical sorting model are suggested.     

Hydraulics and Hydrology in Mountain Areas

<正>The 35th IAHR World Congress was held in Chengdu,China from September 8 to September 132013.The title of the conference was:"The Wise Finds Pleasure in Water:Meandering through Water Science and Engineering".During the congress,1239 papers were presented in 139sessions for oral presentations and 7 sessions for poster presentations.After the Congress,a Committee was appointed to select some of the best papers presented at the Congress for publication,after a     

Discussion on the development of salt chemical industry chain

正China Pingmei Shenma Group is a large enterprise based on energy and chemical,with an annual output of 70million tons of coal,16 million tons of coke,680,000 tons of caustic soda,450,000 tons of PVC resin,50,000 tons of     

多因素变化对三峡近坝段浅滩演变的迭加影响效应

为探索三峡坝下游淤沙型浅滩冲淤特性突变的成因,结合芦家河河段较为系统的水沙输移和河床冲淤观测资料,从来水来沙变化、河势调整等多种角度,分析了多因素变化条件下的浅滩演变机理。结果显示:水库下游悬沙来量大幅减少导致分汊河道冲刷变形,促使洪水流路过流能力增强、浅滩冲淤转换的临界流量减小;三峡水库进入175 m运行期后,来流退水过程加快,泥沙输移更集中于汛期。以上变化更利于汛期浅滩淤积,不利于汛后浅滩冲刷,各种因素迭加作用下,导致浅滩条件在2008年前后发生阶段性变化。未来冲刷过程中,研究河段的浅滩淤积现象仍可能出现,类似问题在长江中下游其他的主流年内交替型汊道浅滩也同样值得注意。     

黄河下游（山东段）主要生态环境地质问题及对策

在收集分析大量最新资料基础上,阐述了黄河下游（山东段）存在的水质污染、地下水资源短缺,以及地面沉降、地裂缝、地面塌陷、砂土液化、土壤盐渍化、黄河堤防河道稳定性等主要生态环境地质问题,并提出了区内主要生态环境地质问题的防治对策,这对黄河下游（山东段）国土资源开发、防灾、黄河＂治黄＂与防洪减灾、地质生态环境保护及管理等,具有较高的参考价值。     

弯道水流对下游回水响应特征试验研究

弯道水面横比降及断面环流是弯道水流的显著特性。通过U形弯道水流壅水试验,对弯道水面横向比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速沿程的变化进行了试验研究。结果显示,随着下游回水的抬高,弯道水面横比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速将发生明显的改变。为深入探讨下游回水对弯道水流结构的影响提供了科学依据。     

加勒比海三重双向嵌套三维环流模型的应用

对三重双向嵌套海洋环流三维数值模型系统(CANDIE),用尤卡坦海峡实测横断面流速和海温等值线、1990年代根据卫星跟踪漂移轨迹推求得到的15m水深处的时间平均流场、实测平均海温过程和西加勒比海体积输送流函数等资料进行了验证,结果表明所建三重双向嵌套模型系统结构与参数合理,模型能较好地模拟西加勒比海的环流特征如加勒比流、巴拿马-哥伦比亚漩涡和该地区温盐的季节性变化。模型被用来计算小模型计算域(伯利兹大陆架)珊瑚礁地区不同水深处悬浮颗粒的运动轨迹线、颗粒的保留与耗散。近表层耗散在Lighthouse Reef Atoll和Glovers Reef Atolls以东相对较强,在内大陆架特别在Inner Channel内和South Water Cay附近相对较低。为了测试伯里兹大陆架海表面珊瑚礁之间的水动力连接特性,计算了位于Turneffe Islands Atoll和GloversReef Atolls珊瑚礁的上游颗粒来源区(源)和下游颗粒耗散区(汇),在30天内到达这两处环形珊瑚礁的近表面颗粒的可能来源区包括该两者周围的浅水区域、两者之间的深水区域和洪都拉斯Bay Islands的沿岸水域,Turneffe和Glovers Reef Atolls 30天下游耗散区分别覆盖了伯里兹大陆架的中部和南部水域。