"三联式"资源定量预测与评价--数字找矿理论与实践探讨

随着信息技术的发展,矿产勘查已步入数字化,定量化研究的新阶段。“三联式”成矿预测及资源评价途径正是“数字找矿”的创新探索。“三联式”成矿预测以地质异常分析为基础,以成矿多样性分析与矿床谱系研究为指导,将地质异常,成矿多样性及矿床谱系三方面定量化研究紧密结合形成矿产预测及定量评价的有机切入点,是实现全面数字找矿的必由之路,也是矿产勘查评价领域应用信息技术的基础和前提。     

Life in sandy deserts: the scorpion model

The biology, ecology, biogeography, phylogeny, and evolution of sand-dwelling scorpions are reviewed. We present general features of sand that form the ecological theatre on which psammophiles have evolved. Sand scorpions, compared to those that live off sand, are not very diverse in any one local habitat, although they are often relatively abundant. Worldwide, they are represented by 29 genera, 11 of which exist exclusively in sand. Endemic genera belong to non-related families, suggesting that psammophilic adaptations evolvedin situin different sand deserts of the world.     

洞庭青鲫(Carassius auratus var.Dongtingking)与三个鲫品系群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对洞庭青鲫(Carassius auratus var.Dongtingking)、野生二倍体和三倍体鲫(C.auratus)、彭泽鲫(C.auratus var.Pengze)4个鲫品系群体共120个个体的遗传多样性进行分析。9个ISSR引物在四个鲫品系群体中共获得1637个扩增位点,其中多态位点1572个,多态位点比例为96.03%。4个鲫品系群体内的多态位点比例分别为46.14%、65.40%、73.76%和51.94%,遗传距离分别为0.0905、0.1186、0.1351和0.1056。在4个鲫品系群体之间,洞庭青鲫与彭泽鲫的遗传距离最小(0.1191),二倍体鲫和三倍体鲫的遗传距离次之(0.1336),而洞庭青鲫、彭泽鲫与二倍体鲫的遗传距离(分别为0.1377、0.1367)略小于它们与三倍体鲫的遗传距离(均为0.1378)。UPGMA聚类结果为洞庭青鲫与彭泽鲫聚成一个分支,二倍体鲫与三倍体鲫聚成另一个分支。结果表明,洞庭青鲫、彭泽鲫等养殖群体内的遗传多样性明显低于野生鲫群体;四个鲫品系中,洞庭青鲫与彭泽鲫的亲缘关系较近,二倍体鲫与三倍体鲫的亲缘关系较近,推测洞庭青鲫、彭泽鲫、三倍体鲫均起源于二倍体鲫。二倍体洞庭青鲫和二倍体野生鲫资源的保护必须引起重视。     

Macrofauna along the Sudanese Red Sea coast: potential effect of mangrove clearance on community and trophic structure

Mangroves along the Sudanese Red Sea coast are under constant anthropogenic pressure. To better understand the influence of mangrove clearance on the intertidal benthic community, we investigated the composition, biodiversity and standing stock of the macrofauna communities at high‐, mid‐ and low‐water levels in three contrasting habitats: a bare sand flat, a cleared mangrove and an intact mangrove. In addition, a community‐wide metric approach based on taxon‐specific carbon and nitrogen isotope values was used to compare the trophic structure between the three habitats. The habitats differed significantly in terms of macrofaunal standing stock, community composition and trophic structure. The high‐ and mid‐water levels of the intact mangroves showed a distinct macrofaunal community characterized by elevated densities and biomass, largely governed by higher decapod and gastropod abundances. Diversity was similar for cleared and intact mangroves, but much lower for the bare sand flat. Community‐wide metrics indicated highest trophic diversity and community niche breadth in the intact mangroves. Differences between the cleared and intact mangroves can be partly attributed to differences in sediment characteristics resulting from mangrove clearance. These results suggest a significant impact of mangrove clearance on the macrofaunal community and trophic structure. This study calls for further investigations and management actions to protect and restore these habitats, and ensure the survival of this ecologically valuable coastal ecosystem.     

High connectivity and directional gene flow in European Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of Ciona intestinalis sp. A

Understanding the factors that cause population divergence has long been of interest to marine biologists in their attempts to interpret the effect of human‐mediated vectors. Broadcast‐spawning species with limited dispersal capability are excellent candidates to measure the present‐day patterns of genetic diversity. The tunicate Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea) is comprised of a complex of morphologically cryptic species that form vigorous aggregates in eutrophic habitats (harbors, gulfs and lagoons) where they can compete with the epibenthic community and cause biofouling problems. This study investigated biogeographic variability and migration patterns of C. intestinalis sp. A along Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts using microsatellite markers. Data presented here on 371 specimens collected from 17 populations reveal high genetic polymorphism, but with a deficit of heterozygote deficiency. Absence of evidence for isolation by distance suggests that the genetic patterns do not reflect the geographic distribution of sampled populations. Substantial gene flow and artificial potential for dispersal boost high levels of within‐population genetic variability and prevent genetic differentiation within and between seas. A predominant eastward migration pattern was revealed by the data set, with very limited opportunity for C. intestinalis sp. A to travel westward. This directional movement indicates that other properties (e.g. habitat quality, genetic traits, mating system, life cycle) may cause adaptive divergence at a large biogeographic scale.     

Macrobenthos relative to the oxygen minimum zone on the East Indian margin,Bay of Bengal

The Bay of Bengal remains one of the least studied of the world's oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Here we offer a detailed investigation of the macrobenthos relative to oxygen minimum zone [OMZ – DO (dissolved oxygen), concentration <0.5 ml·1^?1] at 110 stations off the North East Indian margin (16⁰ and 20⁰ N) featuring coastal, shelf and slope settings (10–1004 m). Macrobenthos (>0.5 mm) composition, abundance and diversity were studied in relation to variations in depth, dissolved oxygen, sediment texture and organic carbon. Using multivariate procedures powered by SIMPROF analysis we identified distinct OMZ core sites (depth 150–280 m; DO 0.37 ml·1^?1) that exhibited dense populations of surface‐feeding polychaetes (mean 2188 ind. m^?2) represented by spionids and cossurids (96%). Molluscs and crustaceans were poorly represented except for ampeliscid amphipods. The lower OMZ sites (DO > 0.55 ml·l^?1) supported a different assemblage of polychaetes (cirratulids, amphinomids, eunicids, orbinids, paraonids), crustaceans and molluscs, albeit with low population densities (mean 343 ind. m^?2). Species richness [E(S₁₀₀)], diversity (Margalef d; H’) and evenness (J’) were lower and dominance was higher within the OMZ core region. Multiple regression analysis showed that a combination of sand, clay, organic carbon, and dissolved oxygen explained 62–78% of the observed variance in macrobenthos species richness and diversity: E(S₁₀₀) and H’. For polychaetes, clay and oxygen proved important. At low oxygen sites (DO <1 ml·l^?1), depth accounted for most variance. Residual analysis (after removing depth effects) revealed that dissolved oxygen and sediment organic matter influenced 50–62% of residual variation in E(S₁₀₀), H’ and d for total macrofauna. Of this, oxygen alone influenced up to ~50–62%. When only polychaetes were evaluated, oxygen and organic matter explained up to 58–63%. For low oxygen sites, organic matter alone had the explanatory power when dominance among polychaetes was considered. Overall, macrobenthic patterns in the Bay of Bengal were consistent with those reported for other upwelling margins. However, the compression of faunal gradients at shallower depths was most similar to the Chile/Peru margin, and different from the Arabian Sea, where the depth range of the OMZ is two times greater. The Bay of Bengal patterns may take on added significance as OMZs shoal globally.     

青岛潮间带沉积物可培养厌氧细菌多样性的研究

为了验证设计的简易厌氧培养方法,作者以青岛潮间带沉积物为研究对象,采用5种培养基,从青岛潮间带沉积物共分离获得138株厌氧细菌。16S r DNA序列分析表明,这些细菌分属3个门15个属32个种,其中γ-变形菌纲64株18个种,在种类上处于优势地位;此外还包括δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)16株2个种,ε-变形菌纲4株1个种,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)29株8个种,梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)25株3个种。在属水平上,弧菌属(Vibrio)、Marinifilum属、泥杆菌属(Ilyobacter)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)在数量上占优势。此外,有26株8种细菌(占总菌株数的18.84%)与已知菌的同源性介于89.38%~94.22%,为潜在的海洋细菌新科或新属,表明此简易厌氧菌培养方法在获得新菌方面具有较大优势。另外,研究结果还表明,不同培养基对特定的类群具有选择性:2216E培养基对γ-变形菌纲分离培养效率较高;SPG培养基在获得新菌方面具有优势(占新菌数62.5%),且这些新菌大多属于拟杆菌门和梭杆菌门,其中SPG-1培养基对于分离硫酸盐还原菌和难培养的ε-变形菌纲细菌具有优势,SPG-4培养基对分离硝酸盐还原菌具有优势。     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的4个海域口虾蛄群体的遗传多样性研究

为比较中国不同海域口虾蛄(Oratosqilla oratoria)群体的遗传特性, 作者对采自皮口、绥中、青岛和广州4 个海域的口虾蛄群体的线粒体COI基因序列进行扩增和测序, 比较并分析了其遗传多样性和系统进化关系。获得585bp 的口虾蛄线粒体COI基因序列, 发现变异位点54 个, 占总位点数的9.2%。COI基因序列A+T 含量(64.8%)显著高于G+T 含量(35.2%), 符合节肢动物线粒体DNA 碱基组成的特点。转换与颠换的平均比值是7.84, 碱基替换未达到饱和。100 个样本的线粒体COI基因序列共定义35 个单倍型, 单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.9162, 平均核苷酸多样性(π)为0.0203。4 个群体均具有高的单倍型多样性和低的核苷酸多样性的特点, 说明4 个海域口虾蛄的遗传多样性均处于中等水平, 但广州海域的遗传多样性水平最高。AMOVA 分析表明, 来自于群体间的遗传差异(84.53%)明显高于来自群体内的差异(15.47%)。遗传分化系数(F_st)表明皮口、绥中、青岛3 个海域间几乎没有发生分化(F_st<0), 而广州海域口虾蛄遗传分化较大。从GenBank 上下载了19 条粤东海域口虾蛄的同源序列与本实验获得序列共同构建NJ 系统发育树, 结果显示皮口、绥中、青岛聚为一支, 广州和粤东(深圳和汕尾)聚为另一支。单倍型系统发育树和单倍型进化网络关系图均显示出广州海域口虾蛄群体较大的遗传分化。     

江西北部岩溶地貌陆生贝类物种多样性

作者于2013年5月至6月调查了位于江西北部地区岩溶地貌陆生贝类资源,共采得陆生贝类63种及亚种(含5个未定种),分别隶属于12科21属,其中1个新种,即石钟山弯螺(Sinoennea shizhongshanensis sp.nov),优势种为雪土鸥螺(Georissa niva)、细纹喇叭螺(Boysidia gracilis)、囊喇叭螺(Boysidia dorsata)和灰尖巴蜗牛(Bradybaena ravida ravida)。区系成分以东洋界成分为主,占总种类数的61.90%。计算了江西北部地区岩溶地貌陆生贝类多样性指数,其中Margalef丰富度指数(dMA)为2.205~4.273,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)为1.960~3.374,Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)为0.448~0.681。与邻近自然保护区比较,江西北部地区岩溶地貌陆生贝类较为丰富,与其他自然保护区物种相似性较低。     

我国沿海马尾藻属(Sargassum)的物种多样性及其区系分布特征

通过对我国沿海多次野外实地考查以及文献报道,采用统计学的分析方法,研究了马尾藻属海藻资源的物种构成和区系分布特征.结果表明,马尾藻属种数在我国海域的水平分布呈现出北少南多的趋势,黄、东海仅17种,南海达到124种、占世界马尾藻总数的36.47％.其中,黄海西区、东海西区、南海北区和南海南区种数及小区单一分布种类数分别为10、13、82和61种及2、3、52和42种.我国特有种类为64种、占世界尾藻总数的18.82％.在我国沿海马尾藻的垂直分布特征为:高潮带2种,低潮带91种,潮下带78种.