Regional Patterns of the Diurnal Properties of Heavy Hourly Precipitation*

Heavy precipitation is one of the most significant natural hazards in the United States today. Knowledge of the climatography, including the temporal characteristics, of this phenomenon is necessary in order to better plan, design for, and predict this hazard. In this study, cluster analysis is used to simplify and clarify the spatial patterns in the time of day heavy precipitation most frequently occurs. Regions with similar diurnal properties are delineated, and the substantial seasonal fluctuations in the regional patterns are traced. Of particular interest is the expansion during the cool season and contraction during the warm season of the nocturnal precipitation regime in the central United States.     

地倾斜固体潮所反映的地震之前应变积累异常信息

各不同地点地倾斜固体潮分潮振幅变化能反映出局部地区在应力场附加应力作用下所产生的介质应变变化和应变积累.本文通过对泰安台、马陵山台以及余山台地倾斜NS分量资料的调和分析,分别发现M₂分潮振幅值与1983年菏泽地震（5.9级）及1984年南黄海地震（6.2级）有关的震前应变积累异常变化情况.     

咸潮入侵对长江河口地区地下水质的影响

长江河口咸潮入侵对上海市自来水源水水质带来不良影响,从而殃及水厂产水质量而不利于生产和市民健康,这在上海市宝山区表现尤为显著。然而,宝山区地下承压含水层水质优良,资源丰富,且水质稳定,不受咸潮入侵影响。经研究,在不产生地面沉降危害等前提条件下,宝山区尚可扩采500万米~3/年优质地下水。     

云南楚雄台水管倾斜仪潮汐因子变化与澜沧—耿马地震

本文对楚雄台水管倾斜仪1986年～1988年观测的数据,用莱柯拉兹方法初步进行了潮汐波分析。并对可能与澜沧—耿马地震有联系的异常情况进行了论述。     

全球Schwiderski海潮模型M2分波在中国大陆产生的应变负荷潮

本文利用计算应变负荷潮的积分Green函数方法,计算了全球Schwiderski海潮模型M₂分波在中国大陆产生的应变负荷潮.根据负荷潮的分布特点,中国大陆大致可以分成以东经100°为界的东、西两个区域.在东区,负荷潮主要受太平洋海潮的控制;在西部内陆地区,除太平洋海潮外,它们还明显地受印度洋海潮的影响.根据本文计算结果绘制的M₂分波应变负荷潮在中国大陆的地理分布图,为如何正确考虑M₂分波负荷潮对应变固体潮观测结果的影响提供了重要的参考资料.     

上海外滩防汛墙的高度

本文提出上海外滩防汛墙的建立及以后几次加高主要是上海城市地面沉降引起的。防汛墙安全递增率随时间、地点而不同,其决定性因素为地面沉降率和海面上升率。祗有在地面基本稳定的条件下,上海市区防汛墙的高度才主要取决于气象、风暴潮引起的高潮位。     

应用断层气氡进行地震监测预报

概述了断层气氡观测点的地理位置,地质环境和观测条件,用最优周期谱持和多元逐步回归分析方法对观测资料进行了详细分析,分析结果表明观测曲线具有“冬高夏低”的年动态变化和固体潮变化特征。其中固体潮变化是断层气氡进行地震监测预报的力不基础。     

祁连山南麓夏季地形云特征及山谷风影响分析

利用门源、祁连气象站2004—2013年6—8月逐时常规观测资料,分析了地形云的日变化特征,结果表明:两站夏季总、低云量的日变化呈现双峰型特征;层积云和积雨云的日变化呈反相特征。层积云出现频率最高在清晨,积雨云在午后至傍晚出现频率最高;门源站层积云出现频率高于祁连站,而祁连站积雨云出现频率高于门源站。两站山谷风环流特征明显,风速最大值出现在午后,最小值出现在清晨;门源站谷风控制时间长于山风,祁连站山风控制时间长于谷风。两站积雨云出现时间与山谷风风速最大值出现时间之间具有对应关系;有天气系统影响时形成的积雨云,持续时间较长,降水较多;仅由地形风及热力、湍流作用形成的积雨云,持续时间较短,降水较少。层积云的形成有3种类型:第1种由高层云演变而来;第2种由积雨云对流发展受到抑制而形成;第3种由局地山谷风环流形成,云的形成与山谷风环流以及边界层日变化特征相关。     

Recognition criteria,characteristics and implications of the fluvial to marine transition zone in ancient deltaic deposits (Lajas Formation,Argentina)

The seaward end of modern rivers is characterized by the interactions of marine and fluvial processes, a tract known as the fluvial to marine transition zone, which varies between systems due to the relative strength of these processes. To understand how fluvial and tidal process interactions and the fluvial to marine transition zone are preserved in the rock record, large‐scale outcrops of deltaic deposits of the Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) have been investigated. Fluvial–tidal indicators consist of cyclically distributed carbonaceous drapes in unidirectional, seaward‐oriented cross‐stratifications, which are interpreted as the result of tidal modulation of the fluvial current in the inner part of the fluvial to marine transition zone. Heterolithic deposits with decimetre‐scale interbedding of coarser‐grained and finer‐grained facies with mixed fluvial and tidal affinities are interpreted to indicate fluvial discharge fluctuations (seasonality) and subordinate tidal influence. Many other potential tidal indicators are argued to be the result of fluvial–tidal interactions with overall fluvial dominance or of purely fluvial processes. No purely tidal or tide‐dominated facies were recognized in the studied deposits. Moreover, fluvial–tidal features are found mainly in deposits interpreted as interflood (forming during low river stage) in distal (delta front) or off‐axis (interdistributary) parts of the system. Along major channel axes, the interpreted fluvial to marine transition zone is mainly represented by the fluvial‐dominated section, whereas little or no tide‐dominated section is identified. The system is interpreted to have been hyposynchronous with a poorly developed turbidity maximum. These conditions and the architectural elements described, including major and minor distributary channels, terminal distributary channels, mouth bars and crevasse mouth bars, are consistent with an interpretation of a fluvial‐dominated, tide‐influenced delta system and with an estimated short backwater length and inferred microtidal conditions. The improved identification of process interactions, and their preservation in ancient fluvial to marine transition zones, is fundamental to refining interpretations of ancient deltaic successions.     

The Cyclic Spectrum Analysis of IMFs of EMD and Its Application to Gravity Tide

IMFs sifted out by EMD are the FM-AM components. In the paper, by the cyclic spectrum analysis, IMFs are demodulated as the two periodic components which are identical to the intrinsic physical concepts. Using the method, the half-day-tide M₂, the day-tide O₁, and the half-month-tide M_f are extracted from the gravity tide signal, and a conclusion is drawn that the half-day-tide M₂ and the day-tide O₁ are primary components of gravity tide signal, and the half-month-tide M_f is modulated in the half-day-tide M₂ and the day-tide O₁.